{
  "$schema": "https://foodadditiveindex.com/api/v1/schema.json",
  "id": "https://foodadditiveindex.com/additives/amaranth",
  "slug": "amaranth",
  "name": "Amaranth",
  "identifiers": {
    "e_number": "E123",
    "ins_number": "123",
    "cas_number": "915-67-3",
    "inchikey": "WLDHEUZGFKACJH-UHFFFAOYSA-K",
    "pubchem_cid": 13506
  },
  "functional_class": "Colour",
  "summary": "Amaranth is a synthetic dark red azo dye. It was certified in the United States as FD&C Red No. 2 until the FDA revoked that listing in 1976; it remains permitted in the European Union for a small number of uses, chiefly aperitif wines and fish roe.",
  "derivation_summary": "A trisulfonated azo dye synthesised from petroleum-derived aromatic intermediates. It shares a name with the amaranth plant but has no connection to it.",
  "regulatory_status": [
    {
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "jurisdiction_name": "United States",
      "authority": "Food and Drug Administration",
      "status": "not_listed",
      "status_label": "Not listed",
      "note": "Does not appear on this jurisdiction’s permitted list. That is not the same as being prohibited.",
      "provision_count": 0,
      "provisions": []
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "CODEX",
      "jurisdiction_name": "Codex Alimentarius",
      "authority": "Codex Alimentarius Commission / JECFA",
      "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
      "status_label": "Permitted, with conditions",
      "provision_count": 12,
      "provisions": [
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.1.4",
            "name": "Flavoured Fluid Milk Drinks"
          },
          "max_level": 50,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 52 & XS243",
          "effective_from": "2024",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 123, food category 01.1.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "03.0",
            "name": "Edible ices, including sherbet and sorbet"
          },
          "max_level": 25,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2023",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 123, food category 03.0",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.1.2.5",
            "name": ""
          },
          "max_level": 100,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS296",
          "effective_from": "2025",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 123, food category 04.1.2.5",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.1.2.7",
            "name": "Candied fruit"
          },
          "max_level": 50,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2025",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 123, food category 04.1.2.7",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.1.2.9",
            "name": "Fruit-based desserts, incl. fruit-flavoured water-based desserts"
          },
          "max_level": 80,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2025",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 123, food category 04.1.2.9",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.2.2.3",
            "name": "Vegetables (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera), and seaweeds in vinegar, oil, brine, or soybean sauce"
          },
          "max_level": 50,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS38, XS66, XS115 & XS260",
          "effective_from": "2025",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 123, food category 04.2.2.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "05.3",
            "name": "Chewing gum"
          },
          "max_level": 100,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2019",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 123, food category 05.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "05.4",
            "name": "Decorations (e.g. for fine bakery wares), toppings (non-fruit), and sweet sauces"
          },
          "max_level": 100,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2019",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 123, food category 05.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "06.4.3",
            "name": "Pre-cooked pastas and noodles and like products"
          },
          "max_level": 100,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 194 & XS364R",
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 123, food category 06.4.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "06.5",
            "name": "Cereal and starch based desserts (e.g. rice pudding, tapioca pudding)"
          },
          "max_level": 80,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2025",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 123, food category 06.5",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "09.4",
            "name": "Fully preserved, including canned or fermented fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms"
          },
          "max_level": 30,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 435, XS3, XS70, XS90, XS94 & XS119",
          "effective_from": "2018",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 123, food category 09.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "14.2.7",
            "name": "Aromatized alcoholic beverages (e.g. beer, wine and spirituous cooler-type beverages, low-alcoholic refreshers)"
          },
          "max_level": 100,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2021",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 123, food category 14.2.7",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "names": [
    {
      "name": "3567-69-9",
      "type": "cas",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "915-67-3",
      "type": "cas",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "Acid Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Acid Amaranth I",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Acid Amaranth N",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Acid red 27",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Acilan Red SE",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Aizen Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Amacid Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "AMARANTH",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "gsfa"
    },
    {
      "name": "Amaranth (dye)",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Amaranth A",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Amaranth B",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Amaranth BPC",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Amaranth Dye (80%)",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Amaranth Extra",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Amaranth Lake",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Amaranth R",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Amaranth S",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Amaranth USP",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Amaranth WD",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Amaranthe",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Azo Red R",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Azo Rubine SF",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Azorubin S",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Azorubine S",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Azorubine, Carmoisine",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bordeaux S",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "C.I. Food Red 9",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Calcocid amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Canacert Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "CI Food Red 9",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "Daishiki Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dolkwal Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dye Red Raspberry",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "E 123",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "Edicol Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Eurocert Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Fast Red",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "FD & C Red No. 2",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Food red 2",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Food Red 9",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "HD Amaranth B",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hidacid Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hispacid Red AM",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Java Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kayaku Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kiton Rubine S",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Maple Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Naphthol Red B",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Naphthol Red C",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Naphthol Red O",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Naphthol Red S",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Naphthol Red SI",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Neklacid Red A",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Rakuto Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Red No. 2",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "S-Azo Rubine",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "San-ei Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Shikiso Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Takaoka Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tertracid Red A",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Toyo Amaranth",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Whortleberry Red",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "E123",
      "type": "e_number",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "123",
      "type": "ins",
      "source": "gsfa"
    },
    {
      "name": "disodium (3E)-4-oxo-3-[(4-sulfonatonaphthalen-1-yl)hydrazinylidene]naphthalene-1-sulfonate",
      "type": "iupac",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sodium;(4Z)-3-oxo-4-[(4-sulfonaphthalen-1-yl)hydrazinylidene]naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid",
      "type": "iupac",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    }
  ],
  "hazard_reference_values": [
    {
      "type": "ADI",
      "value": 4,
      "value_text": null,
      "unit": "mg/kg bw/day",
      "population": "consumers",
      "assessing_body": "EFSA FEEDAP",
      "year": 2012,
      "opinion": {
        "ref": "doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2570",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2570"
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "ADI",
      "value": 4,
      "value_text": null,
      "unit": "mg/kg bw/day",
      "population": "consumers",
      "assessing_body": "EFSA",
      "year": null,
      "opinion": null
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "key": "gsfa",
      "name": "Codex General Standard for Food Additives (CXS 192-1995)",
      "publisher": "Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO/WHO)",
      "licence": "FAO terms — non-commercial use with attribution",
      "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
    }
  ],
  "citation_policy": "Cite as: Food Additive Index, \"Amaranth\", https://foodadditiveindex.com/additives/amaranth. This site reports regulatory status and does not rate additives.",
  "generated_at": "2026-09-08T00:09:38.406Z"
}