{
  "$schema": "https://foodadditiveindex.com/api/v1/schema.json",
  "id": "https://foodadditiveindex.com/additives/canthaxanthin",
  "slug": "canthaxanthin",
  "name": "Canthaxanthin",
  "identifiers": {
    "e_number": "E161g",
    "ins_number": "161g",
    "cas_number": "514-78-3",
    "inchikey": "FDSDTBUPSURDBL-DKLMTRRASA-N",
    "pubchem_cid": 5281227
  },
  "functional_class": "Colour",
  "summary": "Canthaxanthin is an orange-red carotenoid. Its largest use is not in food at all but in poultry and fish feed, where it deepens the colour of egg yolks and farmed salmon flesh; direct use in food is more limited.",
  "derivation_summary": "Produced by chemical synthesis, and also found naturally in some mushrooms and crustaceans. It is a carotenoid closely related to beta-carotene but with additional oxygen-bearing groups.",
  "regulatory_status": [
    {
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "jurisdiction_name": "United States",
      "authority": "Food and Drug Administration",
      "status": "permitted",
      "status_label": "Permitted",
      "provision_count": 1,
      "provisions": [
        {
          "status": "permitted",
          "food_category": null,
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": null,
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": null,
          "citation": {
            "ref": "21 CFR 73.75",
            "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/section-73.75"
          },
          "source": "ecfr",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T18:25:51.549Z"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "CODEX",
      "jurisdiction_name": "Codex Alimentarius",
      "authority": "Codex Alimentarius Commission / JECFA",
      "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
      "status_label": "Permitted, with conditions",
      "provision_count": 34,
      "provisions": [
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.1.4",
            "name": "Flavoured Fluid Milk Drinks"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 52 & XS243",
          "effective_from": "2024",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 01.1.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.6.1",
            "name": "Unripened cheese"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 201, XS221, XS273, XS262 & XS275",
          "effective_from": "2023",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 01.6.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.6.2",
            "name": "Ripened cheese"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 201, XS208, XS221, XS263, XS264, XS265, XS266, XS267, XS268, XS269, XS270, XS271, XS272, XS274, XS276, XS277, XS283",
          "effective_from": "2021",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 01.6.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.6.4.2",
            "name": "Flavoured processed cheese, including containing fruit, vegetables, meat, etc."
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2011",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 01.6.4.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.6.5",
            "name": "Cheese analogues"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2011",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 01.6.5",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.7",
            "name": "Dairy-based desserts (e.g. pudding, fruit or flavoured yoghurt)"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS243",
          "effective_from": "2024",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 01.7",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "02.2.2",
            "name": "Fat spreads, dairy fat spreads and blended spreads"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS253 & XS256",
          "effective_from": "2023",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 02.2.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "02.3",
            "name": "Fat emulsions mainly of type oil-in-water, including mixed and/or flavoured products based on fat emulsions"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2011",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 02.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "02.4",
            "name": "Fat-based desserts excluding dairy-based dessert products of food category 01.7"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2011",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 02.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.1.2.11",
            "name": "Fruit fillings for pastries"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2011",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 04.1.2.11",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.1.2.5",
            "name": ""
          },
          "max_level": 200,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS296",
          "effective_from": "2011",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 04.1.2.5",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.1.2.6",
            "name": "Fruit-based spreads (e.g. chutney) excluding products of food category"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS160",
          "effective_from": "2023",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 04.1.2.6",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.1.2.9",
            "name": "Fruit-based desserts, incl. fruit-flavoured water-based desserts"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2011",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 04.1.2.9",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.2.2.2",
            "name": "Dried vegetables (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera), seaweeds, and nuts and seeds"
          },
          "max_level": 10,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS323R & XS336R",
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 04.2.2.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "06.4.2",
            "name": "Dried pastas and noodles and like products"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 211",
          "effective_from": "2011",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 06.4.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "06.4.3",
            "name": "Pre-cooked pastas and noodles and like products"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 153, XS249 & XS364R",
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 06.4.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "06.5",
            "name": "Cereal and starch based desserts (e.g. rice pudding, tapioca pudding)"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2011",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 06.5",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "08.3.1.1",
            "name": "Cured (including salted) non-heat treated processed comminuted meat, poultry, and game products"
          },
          "max_level": 100,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 4, 16 & 118",
          "effective_from": "2011",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 08.3.1.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "09.2.1",
            "name": "Frozen fish, fish fillets, and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms"
          },
          "max_level": 35,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 95, XS36, XS92, XS95, XS165, XS190, XS191, XS292, XS312 & XS315",
          "effective_from": "2017",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 09.2.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "09.2.5",
            "name": "Smoked, dried, fermented, and/or salted fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 22, XS167, XS189, XS222, XS236, XS244 & XS311",
          "effective_from": "2018",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 09.2.5",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "09.3.3",
            "name": "Salmon substitutes, caviar and other fish roe products"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS291",
          "effective_from": "2018",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 09.3.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "09.4",
            "name": "Fully preserved, including canned or fermented fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS3, XS37, XS70, XS90, XS94 & XS119",
          "effective_from": "2018",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 09.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "10.1",
            "name": "Fresh eggs"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 4",
          "effective_from": "2005",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 10.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "10.4",
            "name": "Egg-based desserts (e.g. custard)"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2011",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 10.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "11.4",
            "name": "Other sugars and syrups (e.g. xylose, maple syrup, sugar toppings)"
          },
          "max_level": 15,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2011",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 11.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "12.2.2",
            "name": "Seasonings and condiments"
          },
          "max_level": 20,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2011",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 12.2.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "12.5.2",
            "name": "Mixes for soups and broths"
          },
          "max_level": 30,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS117",
          "effective_from": "2015",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 12.5.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "12.6",
            "name": "Sauces and like products"
          },
          "max_level": 30,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS302 & XS306",
          "effective_from": "2023",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 12.6",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "14.1.4.1",
            "name": "Carbonated water-based flavoured drinks"
          },
          "max_level": 5,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2011",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 14.1.4.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "14.1.4.2",
            "name": "Non-carbonated water-based flavoured drinks, including punches and ades"
          },
          "max_level": 5,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2011",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 161g, food category 14.1.4.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
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