{
  "$schema": "https://foodadditiveindex.com/api/v1/schema.json",
  "id": "https://foodadditiveindex.com/additives/carbon-dioxide",
  "slug": "carbon-dioxide",
  "name": "Carbon dioxide",
  "identifiers": {
    "e_number": "E290",
    "ins_number": "290",
    "cas_number": "124-38-9",
    "inchikey": "CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N",
    "pubchem_cid": 280
  },
  "functional_class": "Preservative",
  "summary": "Carbon dioxide is the gas in every carbonated drink, and also a preservative: it displaces oxygen in modified-atmosphere packaging, which is what keeps packaged salads and meat fresh.",
  "derivation_summary": "Captured as a by-product of ammonia manufacture, fermentation and other industrial processes, then purified to food grade.",
  "regulatory_status": [
    {
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "jurisdiction_name": "United States",
      "authority": "Food and Drug Administration",
      "status": "permitted",
      "status_label": "Permitted",
      "provision_count": 1,
      "provisions": [
        {
          "status": "permitted",
          "food_category": null,
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": null,
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": null,
          "citation": {
            "ref": "21 CFR 184.1240",
            "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/section-184.1240"
          },
          "source": "ecfr",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T18:25:51.549Z"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "CODEX",
      "jurisdiction_name": "Codex Alimentarius",
      "authority": "Codex Alimentarius Commission / JECFA",
      "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
      "status_label": "Permitted, with conditions",
      "provision_count": 20,
      "provisions": [
        {
          "status": "permitted",
          "food_category": null,
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "1999",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table Three, INS 290",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.2.1.1",
            "name": "Fermented milks (plain), not heat-treated after fermentation"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 628",
          "effective_from": "2024",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 01.2.1.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.2.1.2",
            "name": "Fermented milks (plain), heat-treated after fermentation"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 59 & 628",
          "effective_from": "2024",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 01.2.1.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.2.2",
            "name": "Renneted milk (plain)"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 59",
          "effective_from": "2014",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 01.2.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.4.2",
            "name": "Sterilized and UHT creams, whipping and whipped creams, and reduced fat creams (plain)"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 59 & 278",
          "effective_from": "2014",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 01.4.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.1.1.3",
            "name": "Peeled or cut fresh fruit"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 59",
          "effective_from": "2014",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 04.1.1.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "06.4.1",
            "name": "Fresh pastas and noodles and like products"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 59 & 211",
          "effective_from": "2014",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 06.4.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "09.2.5",
            "name": "Smoked, dried, fermented, and/or salted fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 59, 382, XS167, XS189, XS222, XS236 & XS244",
          "effective_from": "2018",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 09.2.5",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "13.1.1",
            "name": "Infant formulae"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 59",
          "effective_from": "2015",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 13.1.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "13.1.2",
            "name": "Follow-up formulae"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 59",
          "effective_from": "2023",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 13.1.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "13.1.3",
            "name": "Formulae for special medical purposes for infants"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 59",
          "effective_from": "2015",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 13.1.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "13.2",
            "name": "Complementary foods for infants and young children"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 59",
          "effective_from": "2015",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 13.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "14.1.1.1",
            "name": "Natural mineral waters and source waters"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 466",
          "effective_from": "2019",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 14.1.1.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "14.1.1.2",
            "name": "Table waters and soda waters"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 466",
          "effective_from": "2019",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 14.1.1.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "14.1.2.1",
            "name": "Fruit juice"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 69 & XS356R",
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 14.1.2.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "14.1.2.3",
            "name": "Concentrates for fruit juice"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 69 & 127",
          "effective_from": "2005",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 14.1.2.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "14.1.3.1",
            "name": "Fruit nectar"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 69",
          "effective_from": "2005",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 14.1.3.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "14.1.3.3",
            "name": "Concentrates for fruit nectar"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 69 & 127",
          "effective_from": "2005",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 14.1.3.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "14.1.5",
            "name": "Coffee, coffee substitutes, tea, herbal infusions, and other hot cereal and grain beverages, excluding cocoa"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 59 & 160",
          "effective_from": "2015",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 14.1.5",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "14.2.3",
            "name": "Grape wines"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 60",
          "effective_from": "2015",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 290, food category 14.2.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "names": [
    {
      "name": "124-38-9",
      "type": "cas",
      "source": "ecfr"
    },
    {
      "name": "18923-20-1",
      "type": "cas",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "2684-00-6",
      "type": "cas",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "AER Fixus",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "After-damp",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Air 90% Carbon Dioxide 10%",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Anhydride carbonique",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Anhydride, Carbonic",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "carbon dioxid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon dioxide",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "CARBON DIOXIDE (13C; 18O2)",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon dioxide (JP18/USP)",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon Dioxide Air",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon Dioxide Air Mixture",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "CARBON DIOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "gsfa"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon Dioxide Compressed",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon Dioxide Nitrogen",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon Dioxide Refrigerated",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon Dioxide Std CO2 standard 2g/L (2mL ampoules)",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon Dioxide Std CO2 standard 3g/L (2mL ampoules)",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon Dioxide Std CO2 standard 4g/L (2mL ampoules)",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon Dioxide Std CO2 standard 6g/L (2mL ampoules)",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon dioxide, >=99.8%",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon dioxide, Messer(R) CANgas, 99.995%",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon dioxide, puriss., >=99.998%",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon dioxide, solid or dry ice",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "CARBON DIOXIDE, USP",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon oxide (CO2)",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon oxide, di-",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon-12 dioxide",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbonic acid anhydride",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbonic acid gas",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbonic anhydride",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbonica",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Cardice",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Caswell No. 163",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "CO2F",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dioxide, Carbon",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dioxido de carbono",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "dioxidocarbon",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dioxomethane",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dioxomethane #",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dioxyde de carbone",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dricold",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Drikold",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dry ice",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dry ice (solid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dry ice (solid form)",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "dry-ice",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "E 290",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 016601",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "epoxyketone",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "HSDB 516",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "INS NO.290",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "INS-290",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Khladon 744",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kohlendioxyd",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kohlensaure",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Makr carbon dioxide",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "methane, dioxo-",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "methanedione",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "E290",
      "type": "e_number",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "290",
      "type": "ins",
      "source": "gsfa"
    },
    {
      "name": "dioxomethane",
      "type": "iupac",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carbon dioxide",
      "type": "label",
      "source": "ecfr"
    }
  ],
  "hazard_reference_values": [],
  "sources": [
    {
      "key": "ecfr",
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}