{
  "$schema": "https://foodadditiveindex.com/api/v1/schema.json",
  "id": "https://foodadditiveindex.com/additives/fumaric-acid",
  "slug": "fumaric-acid",
  "name": "Fumaric acid",
  "identifiers": {
    "e_number": "E297",
    "ins_number": "297",
    "cas_number": "110-17-8",
    "inchikey": "VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N",
    "pubchem_cid": 444972
  },
  "functional_class": "Acidity regulator",
  "summary": "Fumaric acid is a strongly sour acidity regulator used in confectionery, drink powders and bakery fillings. It dissolves slowly, which makes it useful where a delayed acid release is wanted.",
  "derivation_summary": "Produced industrially by isomerising maleic acid, which is petroleum-derived. It also occurs naturally in many plants and in the human body as part of normal metabolism.",
  "regulatory_status": [
    {
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "jurisdiction_name": "United States",
      "authority": "Food and Drug Administration",
      "status": "not_listed",
      "status_label": "Not listed",
      "note": "Does not appear on this jurisdiction’s permitted list. That is not the same as being prohibited.",
      "provision_count": 0,
      "provisions": []
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "CODEX",
      "jurisdiction_name": "Codex Alimentarius",
      "authority": "Codex Alimentarius Commission / JECFA",
      "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
      "status_label": "Permitted, with conditions",
      "provision_count": 12,
      "provisions": [
        {
          "status": "permitted",
          "food_category": null,
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "1999",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table Three, INS 297",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.2.1.2",
            "name": "Fermented milks (plain), heat-treated after fermentation"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 630",
          "effective_from": "2024",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 297, food category 01.2.1.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.2.2.7",
            "name": "Fermented vegetable (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera) and seaweed products, excluding fermented soybean products of food categories 06.8.6, 06.8.7, 12.9.1,"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS294",
          "effective_from": "2023",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 297, food category 04.2.2.7",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "06.4.1",
            "name": "Fresh pastas and noodles and like products"
          },
          "max_level": 700,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2013",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 297, food category 06.4.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "06.4.2",
            "name": "Dried pastas and noodles and like products"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 256",
          "effective_from": "2013",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 297, food category 06.4.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "09.2.2",
            "name": "Frozen battered fish, fish fillets and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 41 & XS166",
          "effective_from": "2017",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 297, food category 09.2.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "09.2.3",
            "name": "Frozen minced and creamed fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 16",
          "effective_from": "2013",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 297, food category 09.2.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "09.2.4",
            "name": "Cooked and/or fried fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2013",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 297, food category 09.2.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "09.2.5",
            "name": "Smoked, dried, fermented, and/or salted fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS167, XS189, XS222, XS236, XS244 & XS311",
          "effective_from": "2018",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 297, food category 09.2.5",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "12.1.2",
            "name": "Salt substitutes"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2013",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 297, food category 12.1.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "14.1.5",
            "name": "Coffee, coffee substitutes, tea, herbal infusions, and other hot cereal and grain beverages, excluding cocoa"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 160",
          "effective_from": "2013",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 297, food category 14.1.5",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "14.2.3",
            "name": "Grape wines"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 517",
          "effective_from": "2023",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 297, food category 14.2.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "names": [
    {
      "name": "110-17-8",
      "type": "cas",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "(2E)-2-butenedioic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "(E)-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "(E)-2-Butenedioate",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "(E)-2-Butenedioic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "(E)-but-2-enedioate;hydron",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "(E)-but-2-enedioic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "(E)-Butenedioic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E)",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "2-(E)-Butenedioic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "2-Butenedioic acid (2E)-",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Allomaleate",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Allomaleic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Allomaleic-acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Allomalenic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Boletate",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Boletic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Boletic-acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "BRN 0605763",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "but-2-enedioicacid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Butenedioic acid, (E)-",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "CAS-110-17-8",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Caswell No. 465E",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "CCRIS 1039",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "E 297",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "E-2-Butenedioic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 051201",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "FC 33 (acid)",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "FEMA No. 2488",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "FEMA Number 2488",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "FERROUS LACTATE FUMARIC ACID",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "gsfa"
    },
    {
      "name": "fum",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "fumarate, 10",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Fumaric acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "gsfa"
    },
    {
      "name": "Fumaric acid (8CI)",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Fumaric acid (NF)",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "fumaricacid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Fumaricum acidum",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Fumarsaeure",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "fumeric acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "furmaric acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Futrans-2-Butenedioic Acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "HSDB 710",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "INS NO.297",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "INS-297",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kyselina fumarova",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lichenate",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lichenic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lichenic acid (VAN)",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Maleic acid-2,3-d2",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Polymaleicacid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "trans-2-Butenedioic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "trans-but-2-enedioic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "trans-Butenedioate",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "trans-Butenedioic acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tumaric acid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "USAF EK-P-583",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "E297",
      "type": "e_number",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "297",
      "type": "ins",
      "source": "gsfa"
    },
    {
      "name": "(E)-but-2-enedioic acid",
      "type": "iupac",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    }
  ],
  "hazard_reference_values": [],
  "sources": [
    {
      "key": "gsfa",
      "name": "Codex General Standard for Food Additives (CXS 192-1995)",
      "publisher": "Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO/WHO)",
      "licence": "FAO terms — non-commercial use with attribution",
      "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
    }
  ],
  "citation_policy": "Cite as: Food Additive Index, \"Fumaric acid\", https://foodadditiveindex.com/additives/fumaric-acid. This site reports regulatory status and does not rate additives.",
  "generated_at": "2026-09-08T00:09:38.544Z"
}