{
  "$schema": "https://foodadditiveindex.com/api/v1/schema.json",
  "id": "https://foodadditiveindex.com/additives/polyglycerol-esters-of-fatty-acids",
  "slug": "polyglycerol-esters-of-fatty-acids",
  "name": "Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids",
  "identifiers": {
    "e_number": "E475",
    "ins_number": "475",
    "cas_number": null,
    "inchikey": null,
    "pubchem_cid": null
  },
  "functional_class": "Emulsifier",
  "summary": "These emulsifiers use a chain of linked glycerol units rather than a single one, which makes them more water-loving than ordinary mono- and diglycerides. They are used in cakes, icings, ice cream and drinks.",
  "derivation_summary": "Made by joining glycerol units into a polyglycerol backbone and esterifying it with fatty acids. Both the glycerol and the fatty acids may be plant or animal in origin.",
  "regulatory_status": [
    {
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "jurisdiction_name": "United States",
      "authority": "Food and Drug Administration",
      "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
      "status_label": "Permitted, with conditions",
      "provision_count": 1,
      "provisions": [
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": null,
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": null,
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": null,
          "citation": {
            "ref": "21 CFR 172.854",
            "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/section-172.854"
          },
          "source": "ecfr",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T18:25:51.549Z"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "CODEX",
      "jurisdiction_name": "Codex Alimentarius",
      "authority": "Codex Alimentarius Commission / JECFA",
      "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
      "status_label": "Permitted, with conditions",
      "provision_count": 51,
      "provisions": [
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.1.2",
            "name": "Other Fluid Milk (plain)"
          },
          "max_level": 770,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 410",
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 01.1.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.1.4",
            "name": "Flavoured Fluid Milk Drinks"
          },
          "max_level": 2000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 629",
          "effective_from": "2024",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 01.1.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.3.2",
            "name": "Beverage whiteners"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 352, XS250 & XS252",
          "effective_from": "2016",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 01.3.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.4.1",
            "name": "Pasteurized cream (plain)"
          },
          "max_level": 6000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 626",
          "effective_from": "2024",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 01.4.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.4.2",
            "name": "Sterilized and UHT creams, whipping and whipped creams, and reduced fat creams (plain)"
          },
          "max_level": 6000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2016",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 01.4.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.4.3",
            "name": "Clotted cream (plain)"
          },
          "max_level": 6000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2016",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 01.4.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.4.4",
            "name": "Cream analogues"
          },
          "max_level": 8000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2016",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 01.4.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.5.2",
            "name": "Milk and cream powder analogues"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS251",
          "effective_from": "2016",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 01.5.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.6.4",
            "name": "Processed cheese"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2018",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 01.6.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.6.5",
            "name": "Cheese analogues"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2016",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 01.6.5",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.7",
            "name": "Dairy-based desserts (e.g. pudding, fruit or flavoured yoghurt)"
          },
          "max_level": 4000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 354, 629",
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 01.7",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "02.1.2",
            "name": "Vegetable oils and fats"
          },
          "max_level": 10000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 356, XS33, XS325R & 542",
          "effective_from": "2023",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 02.1.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "02.2.2",
            "name": "Fat spreads, dairy fat spreads and blended spreads"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 359 & 557",
          "effective_from": "2023",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 02.2.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "02.3",
            "name": "Fat emulsions mainly of type oil-in-water, including mixed and/or flavoured products based on fat emulsions"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 363 & 592",
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 02.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "02.4",
            "name": "Fat-based desserts excluding dairy-based dessert products of food category 01.7"
          },
          "max_level": 2000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2016",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 02.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "03.0",
            "name": "Edible ices, including sherbet and sorbet"
          },
          "max_level": 2500,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 03.0",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.1.2.11",
            "name": "Fruit fillings for pastries"
          },
          "max_level": 1000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 04.1.2.11",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.1.2.9",
            "name": "Fruit-based desserts, incl. fruit-flavoured water-based desserts"
          },
          "max_level": 100,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 04.1.2.9",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "05.1.1",
            "name": "Cocoa mixes (powders) and cocoa mass/cake"
          },
          "max_level": 3750,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 97 & XS141",
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 05.1.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "05.1.5",
            "name": "Imitation chocolate, chocolate substitute products"
          },
          "max_level": 2000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 366",
          "effective_from": "2016",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 05.1.5",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "05.2",
            "name": "Confectionery including hard and soft candy, nougats, etc. other than food categories 05.1, 05.3, and 05.4"
          },
          "max_level": 2000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 367 & XS309R",
          "effective_from": "2016",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 05.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "05.3",
            "name": "Chewing gum"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2016",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 05.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "05.4",
            "name": "Decorations (e.g. for fine bakery wares), toppings (non-fruit), and sweet sauces"
          },
          "max_level": 2000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 368",
          "effective_from": "2016",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 05.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "06.3",
            "name": "Breakfast cereals, including rolled oats"
          },
          "max_level": 2000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 369",
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 06.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "06.4.3",
            "name": "Pre-cooked pastas and noodles and like products"
          },
          "max_level": 2000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 194 & XS364R",
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 06.4.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "06.5",
            "name": "Cereal and starch based desserts (e.g. rice pudding, tapioca pudding)"
          },
          "max_level": 2000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 06.5",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "06.8.1",
            "name": "Soybean-based beverages"
          },
          "max_level": 20000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 645",
          "effective_from": "2025",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 06.8.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "07.1.1",
            "name": "Breads and rolls"
          },
          "max_level": 1000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 372",
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 07.1.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "07.1.2",
            "name": "Crackers, excluding sweet crackers"
          },
          "max_level": 2500,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 07.1.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "07.1.3",
            "name": "Other ordinary bakery products (e.g. bagels, pita, English muffins)"
          },
          "max_level": 300,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 07.1.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "07.1.4",
            "name": "Bread-type products, including bread stuffing and bread crumbs"
          },
          "max_level": 10000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2016",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 475, food category 07.1.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "07.1.6",
            "name": "Mixes for bread and ordinary bakery wares"
          },
          "max_level": 15000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 11",
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  "generated_at": "2026-09-08T00:09:38.630Z"
}