{
  "$schema": "https://foodadditiveindex.com/api/v1/schema.json",
  "id": "https://foodadditiveindex.com/additives/propylene-glycol-esters-of-fatty-acids",
  "slug": "propylene-glycol-esters-of-fatty-acids",
  "name": "Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids",
  "identifiers": {
    "e_number": "E477",
    "ins_number": "477",
    "cas_number": null,
    "inchikey": null,
    "pubchem_cid": null
  },
  "functional_class": "Emulsifier",
  "summary": "These emulsifiers are built on propylene glycol rather than glycerol and are used chiefly in cake mixes and whipped toppings, where they help incorporate air.",
  "derivation_summary": "Made by esterifying propylene glycol with fatty acids. The propylene glycol is petroleum-derived; the fatty acids may be plant or animal.",
  "regulatory_status": [
    {
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "jurisdiction_name": "United States",
      "authority": "Food and Drug Administration",
      "status": "not_listed",
      "status_label": "Not listed",
      "note": "Does not appear on this jurisdiction’s permitted list. That is not the same as being prohibited.",
      "provision_count": 0,
      "provisions": []
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "CODEX",
      "jurisdiction_name": "Codex Alimentarius",
      "authority": "Codex Alimentarius Commission / JECFA",
      "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
      "status_label": "Permitted, with conditions",
      "provision_count": 28,
      "provisions": [
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.1.4",
            "name": "Flavoured Fluid Milk Drinks"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2001",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 01.1.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.3.2",
            "name": "Beverage whiteners"
          },
          "max_level": 1000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS250 & XS252",
          "effective_from": "2021",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 01.3.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.4.4",
            "name": "Cream analogues"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 86",
          "effective_from": "2001",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 01.4.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.5.2",
            "name": "Milk and cream powder analogues"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": null,
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS251",
          "effective_from": "2021",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 01.5.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "01.7",
            "name": "Dairy-based desserts (e.g. pudding, fruit or flavoured yoghurt)"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2001",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 01.7",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "02.1.2",
            "name": "Vegetable oils and fats"
          },
          "max_level": 10000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS19, XS33, XS210 & XS325R",
          "effective_from": "2023",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 02.1.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "02.1.3",
            "name": "Lard, tallow, fish oil, and other animal fats"
          },
          "max_level": 10000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS19, XS211",
          "effective_from": "2021",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 02.1.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "02.2.2",
            "name": "Fat spreads, dairy fat spreads and blended spreads"
          },
          "max_level": 20000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS253",
          "effective_from": "2023",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 02.2.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "02.3",
            "name": "Fat emulsions mainly of type oil-in-water, including mixed and/or flavoured products based on fat emulsions"
          },
          "max_level": 30000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2001",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 02.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "02.4",
            "name": "Fat-based desserts excluding dairy-based dessert products of food category 01.7"
          },
          "max_level": 40000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2006",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 02.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "03.0",
            "name": "Edible ices, including sherbet and sorbet"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2001",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 03.0",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.1.2.11",
            "name": "Fruit fillings for pastries"
          },
          "max_level": 40000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2001",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 04.1.2.11",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.1.2.8",
            "name": "Fruit preparations, including pulp, purees, fruit toppings and coconut milk"
          },
          "max_level": 40000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS314R",
          "effective_from": "2024",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 04.1.2.8",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.1.2.9",
            "name": "Fruit-based desserts, incl. fruit-flavoured water-based desserts"
          },
          "max_level": 40000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2001",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 04.1.2.9",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "04.2.2.6",
            "name": "Vegetable (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera), seaweed, and nut and seed pulps and preparations (e.g. vegetable desserts and sauces, candied vegetables) other than food category 04.2.2.5"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS57, XS259R & XS308R",
          "effective_from": "2025",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 04.2.2.6",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "05.1.1",
            "name": "Cocoa mixes (powders) and cocoa mass/cake"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 97 & XS141",
          "effective_from": "2016",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 05.1.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "05.2",
            "name": "Confectionery including hard and soft candy, nougats, etc. other than food categories 05.1, 05.3, and 05.4"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: XS309R",
          "effective_from": "2017",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 05.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "05.3",
            "name": "Chewing gum"
          },
          "max_level": 20000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2001",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 05.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "05.4",
            "name": "Decorations (e.g. for fine bakery wares), toppings (non-fruit), and sweet sauces"
          },
          "max_level": 40000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2001",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 05.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "06.4.3",
            "name": "Pre-cooked pastas and noodles and like products"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 2, 153 & XS364R",
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 06.4.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "06.5",
            "name": "Cereal and starch based desserts (e.g. rice pudding, tapioca pudding)"
          },
          "max_level": 40000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2001",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 06.5",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "07.0",
            "name": "Bakery wares"
          },
          "max_level": 15000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 11 & 72",
          "effective_from": "2001",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 07.0",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "10.4",
            "name": "Egg-based desserts (e.g. custard)"
          },
          "max_level": 40000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2001",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 10.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "11.4",
            "name": "Other sugars and syrups (e.g. xylose, maple syrup, sugar toppings)"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2001",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 11.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "12.6.2",
            "name": "Non-emulsified sauces (e.g. ketchup, cheese sauce, cream sauce, brown gravy)"
          },
          "max_level": 20000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 576",
          "effective_from": "2023",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 12.6.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "13.3",
            "name": "Dietetic foods intended for special medical purposes (excluding products of food category 13.1)"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 566",
          "effective_from": "2023",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 13.3",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "13.4",
            "name": "Dietetic formulae for slimming purposes and weight reduction"
          },
          "max_level": 5000,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2001",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 13.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "14.1.4",
            "name": "Water-based flavoured drinks, including \"sport,\" “energy,” or \"electrolyte\" drinks and particulated drinks"
          },
          "max_level": 500,
          "max_level_unit": "mg/kg",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "2001",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 477, food category 14.1.4",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "names": [
    {
      "name": "E 477",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "Propane-1,2-diol esters of fatty acids",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "PROPYLENE GLYCOL ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "gsfa"
    },
    {
      "name": "E477",
      "type": "e_number",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "477",
      "type": "ins",
      "source": "gsfa"
    }
  ],
  "hazard_reference_values": [
    {
      "type": "ADI",
      "value": 80,
      "value_text": null,
      "unit": "mg/kg bw/day",
      "population": "consumers",
      "assessing_body": "EFSA FAF",
      "year": 2018,
      "opinion": {
        "ref": "doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5497",
        "url": "https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5497"
      }
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "key": "gsfa",
      "name": "Codex General Standard for Food Additives (CXS 192-1995)",
      "publisher": "Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO/WHO)",
      "licence": "FAO terms — non-commercial use with attribution",
      "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
    }
  ],
  "citation_policy": "Cite as: Food Additive Index, \"Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids\", https://foodadditiveindex.com/additives/propylene-glycol-esters-of-fatty-acids. This site reports regulatory status and does not rate additives.",
  "generated_at": "2026-09-08T00:09:38.665Z"
}