{
  "$schema": "https://foodadditiveindex.com/api/v1/schema.json",
  "id": "https://foodadditiveindex.com/additives/titanium-dioxide",
  "slug": "titanium-dioxide",
  "name": "Titanium dioxide",
  "identifiers": {
    "e_number": "E171",
    "ins_number": "171",
    "cas_number": "13463-67-7",
    "inchikey": "GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N",
    "pubchem_cid": 26042
  },
  "functional_class": "Colour",
  "summary": "Titanium dioxide is a bright white mineral pigment used to whiten and opacify confectionery coatings, icings, sauces and chewing gum. It is the additive on which the EU and the United States have most visibly diverged: the EU withdrew its authorisation in 2022 while the FDA continues to permit it.",
  "derivation_summary": "Refined from the titanium ores ilmenite and rutile by either the sulfate or the chloride process, then milled to pigment-grade particles. It is a mineral product with no animal or plant material involved. Particle size is central to the regulatory argument about it.",
  "regulatory_status": [
    {
      "jurisdiction": "US",
      "jurisdiction_name": "United States",
      "authority": "Food and Drug Administration",
      "status": "permitted",
      "status_label": "Permitted",
      "provision_count": 1,
      "provisions": [
        {
          "status": "permitted",
          "food_category": null,
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": null,
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": null,
          "citation": {
            "ref": "21 CFR 73.575",
            "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/section-73.575"
          },
          "source": "ecfr",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T18:25:51.549Z"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "jurisdiction": "CODEX",
      "jurisdiction_name": "Codex Alimentarius",
      "authority": "Codex Alimentarius Commission / JECFA",
      "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
      "status_label": "Permitted, with conditions",
      "provision_count": 3,
      "provisions": [
        {
          "status": "permitted",
          "food_category": null,
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": null,
          "effective_from": "1999",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table Three, INS 171",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "08.1.1",
            "name": "Fresh meat, poultry and game, whole pieces or cuts"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 4",
          "effective_from": "2025",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 171, food category 08.1.1",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        },
        {
          "status": "permitted_with_conditions",
          "food_category": {
            "system": "codex",
            "code": "09.2.2",
            "name": "Frozen battered fish, fish fillets and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms"
          },
          "max_level": null,
          "max_level_unit": "GMP",
          "conditions": "GSFA notes: 41 & XS166",
          "effective_from": "2026",
          "citation": {
            "ref": "CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 171, food category 09.2.2",
            "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/"
          },
          "source": "gsfa",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "names": [
    {
      "name": "13463-67-7",
      "type": "cas",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "A-Fil Cream",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Austiox R-CR 3",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bayertitan A",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bayertitan R-U-F",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bayertitan T",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Cab-O-Ti",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Calcotone White T",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "CI Pigment White 6",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "E 171",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "Flamenco",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hombitan",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hombitan R 101D",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hombitan R 610K",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Horse head a-410",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Horse head a-420",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Horse head r-710",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kronos",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kronos RN 40P",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kronos RN 56",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Levanox White RKB",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Rayox",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Runa rh20",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Rutiox CR",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sagenite",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tichlor",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tiofine",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tiona td",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tioxide",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tioxide AD-M",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tioxide R-CR",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tioxide R-SM",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tioxide R.XL",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tioxide RHD",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tioxide RSM",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tipaque",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tipaque R 820",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Titafrance",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Titan White",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Titandioxid",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Titania",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "Titanic anhydride",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Titanic oxide",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Titanium (IV) oxide",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "Titanium dioxide",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "Titanium White",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Titanox",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Titanox RANC",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tronox",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Unitane",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Unitane o-110",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Unitane o-220",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Unitane OR 450",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Unitane OR 650",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Unitane or-150",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Unitane or-340",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Unitane or-342",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Unitane or-350",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Unitane or-540",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Unitane or-640",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zopaque",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zopaque LDC",
      "type": "common",
      "source": "pubchem"
    },
    {
      "name": "E171",
      "type": "e_number",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "171",
      "type": "ins",
      "source": "gsfa"
    },
    {
      "name": "dioxotitanium",
      "type": "iupac",
      "source": "openfoodtox"
    },
    {
      "name": "Titanium dioxide",
      "type": "label",
      "source": "ecfr"
    }
  ],
  "hazard_reference_values": [],
  "sources": [
    {
      "key": "ecfr",
      "name": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21",
      "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office / National Archives",
      "licence": "Public domain",
      "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2026-08-31/title-21.xml",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T18:25:51.549Z"
    },
    {
      "key": "gsfa",
      "name": "Codex General Standard for Food Additives (CXS 192-1995)",
      "publisher": "Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO/WHO)",
      "licence": "FAO terms — non-commercial use with attribution",
      "url": "https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/dbs/gsfa/en/",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-09-07T07:54:15.059Z"
    }
  ],
  "citation_policy": "Cite as: Food Additive Index, \"Titanium dioxide\", https://foodadditiveindex.com/additives/titanium-dioxide. This site reports regulatory status and does not rate additives.",
  "generated_at": "2026-09-08T00:09:38.747Z"
}