Dilauryl thiodipropionate

INS 389CAS 123-28-4

Listed as an antioxidant by Codex.

Listed as antioxidants (Codex)
Chemical structure of Dilauryl thiodipropionate, from PubChem compound 31250
Structure from PubChem CID 31250 (National Library of Medicine, public domain). A depiction of one compound: where a listing covers a family, or a substance has no single structure, this page shows none.

Dilauryl thiodipropionate is an antioxidant for fats and oils, working by a different mechanism from BHA and BHT — it destroys peroxides rather than intercepting radicals, so it is often used alongside them.

Where it is and isn’t permitted

Status of Dilauryl thiodipropionate by jurisdiction. Every jurisdiction this site covers is listed, including those where the substance does not appear.
JurisdictionStatusScope and limitsCitation
Australia and New ZealandFood Standards Australia New ZealandNo listed food uses foundThis site has not matched this substance to any food use on this jurisdiction’s list of authorised food additives. A food additive may be used only in foods that list names. Flavourings, enzymes, processing aids and added nutrients are regulated separately and do not appear on it.
CanadaHealth CanadaNo listing matchedHealth Canada’s lists name additives without E or INS numbers, so this site matches them by exact name. A substance listed there under a name this site does not recognise has no row here.
European UnionEuropean Commission / EFSANo listed food uses foundThis site has not matched this substance to any food use on this jurisdiction’s list of authorised food additives. A food additive may be used only in foods that list names. Flavourings, enzymes, processing aids and added nutrients are regulated separately and do not appear on it.
Great BritainFood Standards Agency / Food Standards ScotlandNo listed food uses foundThis site has not matched this substance to any food use on this jurisdiction’s list of authorised food additives. A food additive may be used only in foods that list names. Flavourings, enzymes, processing aids and added nutrients are regulated separately and do not appear on it.
JapanConsumer Affairs AgencyNo listing matchedThis site imports only Japan’s list of designated additives (Appended Table 1 to the Regulations for Enforcement of the Food Sanitation Act), matched by English name. Existing additives, natural flavouring agents and ordinary foods used as additives are permitted outside that list and are not imported, so an empty row does not show that Japan does not permit the substance.
South KoreaMinistry of Food and Drug SafetyNo listing matchedThis site imports Part III of South Korea’s Standards and Specifications for Food Additives, matched by CAS number, then INS number, then exact name. Mixed preparations and sanitisers are not imported, and an entry whose identifiers disagreed with a page’s is held for review, so an empty row does not show that South Korea does not permit the substance.
United StatesFood and Drug AdministrationPermitted21 CFR 182.3280retrieved 2026-10-17
Codex AlimentariusCodex Alimentarius Commission / JECFAPermitted, with conditions

6 food categories

highest permitted level 1,000 mg/kg

Show every food category and its notes
  • 02.1.2 Vegetable oils and fats — 200 mg/kg
    • Note 46 As thiodipropionic acid.
    • Note 511 Excluding virgin and cold pressed oils in products conforming to the Standard for Edible Fats and Oils not Covered by Individual Standards (CXS 19-1981) and the Standard for Named Vegetable Oils (CXS 210-1999).
    • Note XS33 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Olive Oils and Olive Pomace Oils (CODEX STAN 33-1981).
    • Note XS325R Excluding products conforming to the Regional Standard for Unrefined Shea Butter (CXS 325R-2017).
  • 02.1.3 Lard, tallow, fish oil, and other animal fats — 200 mg/kg
    • Note 46 As thiodipropionic acid.
    • Note XS211 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Named Animal Fat (CODEX STAN 211-1999).
  • 02.2.2 Fat spreads, dairy fat spreads and blended spreads — 200 mg/kg
    • Note 46 As thiodipropionic acid.
    • Note XS253 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Dairy Fat Spreads (CXS 253-2006).
  • 09.2.2 Frozen battered fish, fish fillets and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — 200 mg/kg
    • Note 15 On the fat or oil basis.
    • Note 46 As thiodipropionic acid.
    • Note XS166 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Quick Frozen Fish Sticks (Fish Fingers), Fish Portions and Fish Fillets – Breaded or in Batter (CODEX STAN 166-1989).
  • 14.1.4 Water-based flavoured drinks, including "sport," “energy,” or "electrolyte" drinks and particulated drinks — 1,000 mg/kg
    • Note 15 On the fat or oil basis.
    • Note 46 As thiodipropionic acid.
  • 15.0 Ready-to-eat savouries — 200 mg/kg
    • Note 46 As thiodipropionic acid.
CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 389and 5 further provisionsretrieved 2026-09-07

How much is permitted

A listing usually limits the quantity as well as the food. Only one of the forms that takes is a figure: quantum satis and good manufacturing practice permit the amount the technological effect requires and no more, which is a limit rather than the absence of one. Figures below are the range across every food category this page is listed in, and categories differ between regulators — see how much is permitted.

United States—1 no quantity stated
Codex Alimentarius200 mg/kg – 1,000 mg/kg6 numeric limit

What it is made from

Made by reacting thiodipropionic acid with lauryl alcohol, usually from coconut or palm kernel oil.

  • Vegan
  • Vegetarian

Compare other additives on the dietary indexes.

CAS registry number
123-28-4
InChIKey
GHKOFFNLGXMVNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem
CID 31250

How JECFA defines it

The international specification for identity and purity, prepared by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and published by FAO. It is a different document from any above, written by a different body and revised on its own cycle; it is advisory, and a country adopts it or does not.

INS 389 Dilauryl Thiodipropionate

Ester of thiodipropionic acid and a food grade lauryl alcohol

Synonyms: INS No. 389

Assay, identification and purity criteria

Description and assay

Specification history
Prepared at the 17th JECFA (1973), published in FNP 4 (1978) and FNP 52 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 61st JECFA (2003). An ADI of 0-3 mg/kg bw was established at the 17thJECFA (1973)
Chemical names
Didodecyl 3,3'-thiodipropionic acid, dilauryl ester of ß,ß'-thiodi-propionic acid
C.A.S. number
123-28-4
Chemical formula
C 30 H 58 O 4 S
Formula weight
514.86
Assay
Not less than 99%
DESCRIPTION
White crystalline flakes having a characteristic sweetish ester-like odour
FUNCTIONAL USES
Antioxidant
METHOD OF ASSAY
Weigh out 0.700 g of the sample, transfer to a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask, add 100 ml of acetic acid and 50 ml of ethanol, and heat the mixture gently until the sample dissolves completely. Add 3 ml of hydrochloric acid and 4 drops of p-ethoxy-chrysoidin TS and immediately titrate with 0.1 N bromide-bromate TS. As the end-point is approached (pink colour), add 4 more drops of the indicator solution and continue the titration, dropwise, to a colour change from red to pale yellow. Perform a blank determination and make any necessary correction. Each ml of 0.1 N bromide-bromate TS is equivalent to 25.74 mg of C 30 H 58 O 4 S. Convert to percentage and subtract thiodipropionic acid content determined in the Acidity test to obtain percentage of C 30 H 58 O 4 S.

Identification

Solubility (Vol. 4)
Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol and ether
Solidification point
Not below 40 o
Saponification value (Vol. 4)
205 - 215

Purity criteria

Acidity
Not more than 0.2% (as thiopropionic acid) To 50 ml of a mixture of 1 part of methanol and 3 parts of benzene, add 5 drops of phenolphthalein TS and neutralize with ethanolic potassium hydroxide. Add 2 g, accurately weighed, of the sample, swirl to dissolve and titrate with 0.1 N ethanolic potassium hydroxide. Each ml of 0.1 N ethanolic potassium hydroxide is equivalent to 8.91 mg C 6 H 10 O 4 S.
Lead (Vol. 4)
Not more than 2 mg/kg Determine using an atomic absorption technique appropriate to the specified level. The selection of sample size and method of sample preparation may be based on the principles of the method described in Volume 4, “Instrumental Methods.”

FAO JECFA Monograph 1 (2006)

Every name it appears under

62 recorded names. A label may use any of them.

INS number

  • 389

CAS registry number

  • 115628-90-5
  • 123-28-4
  • 31852-09-2
  • 53571-83-8

As it appears in regulation

  • Dilauryl thiodipropionate

Other names

  • 3,3'-Thiobispropionic acid, didodecyl ester
  • 3,3'-Thiodipropionic acid di-n-dodecyl ester
  • 3,3'-Thiodipropionic Acid Didodecyl Ester
  • 3,3'-Thiodipropionic Acid Didodecyl Ester; Didodecyl 3,3'-thiodipropionate
  • 3,3'-Thiodipropionic acid, bis-dodecyl ester
  • Advastab 800
  • Antiox L
  • Antioxidant AS
  • Antioxidant LTDP
  • Bis(dodecyloxycarbonylethyl) sulfide
  • BRN 1808848
  • Carstab dltdp
  • CCRIS 3936
  • Cyanox LTDP
  • D 1 (antioxidant)
  • Didodecyl 3,3'-thiodipropionate
  • Didodecyl 3,3-thiodipropionate
  • Didodecyl thiobispropanoate
  • Didodecyl thiodipropionate
  • Dilauryl .beta.,.beta.'-thiodipropionate
  • Dilauryl .beta.-thiodipropionate
  • Dilauryl 3,3'-thiodipropionate
  • Dilauryl beta-thiodipropionate
  • DILAURYL THIODIPROPIONATE
  • Dilauryl thiodipropionic acid
  • Dilaurylester kyseliny .beta.',.beta.'-thiodipropionove
  • Dilaurylthiodipropionate
  • DLT
  • Dltdp
  • DLTP
  • Dmptp
  • dodecyl 3-(3-dodecoxy-3-oxopropyl)sulfanylpropanoate
  • HSDB 353
  • Ipognox 89
  • Irganox PS 800
  • Lauryl 3,3'-thiodipropionate
  • Lusmit
  • Milban F
  • Neganox DLTP
  • Plastanox LTDP
  • Plastanox LTDP Antioxidant
  • Propanoic acid 3,3'-thiobis(didodecyl) ester
  • Propanoic acid, 3,3'-thiobis-, 1,1'-didodecyl ester
  • Propanoic acid, 3,3'-thiobis-, didodecyl ester
  • Propanoic acid, thiobis-, didodecyl ester
  • Propionic acid, 3,3'-thiobis-, didodecyl ester
  • Propionic acid, 3,3'-thiodi-, didodecyl ester
  • PTDE
  • Rasumitto
  • Stabilizer DLT
  • Sumilizer TPL
  • Thiobis(dodecyl propionate)
  • Thiobis[dodecyl propionate]
  • Thiodipropionic acid didodecyl ester
  • Thiodipropionic acid dilauryl ester
  • Tyox B

Hazard reference values

Values set by assessing bodies. A body that has not set a value is not listed here.
TypeValuePopulationAssessed byOpinion
ADI3 mg/kg bw/day—JECFA1973

Evidence and how bodies read it

Studies, and the differing conclusions regulators drew from them, are curated rather than machine-read, and none has been written for this substance yet.

Common questions

Assembled from what is above, in the words the questions are usually asked in. Each answer is the same statement the relevant section makes, with the same citations behind it.

What is INS 389?
INS 389 is Dilauryl thiodipropionate. Dilauryl thiodipropionate is an antioxidant for fats and oils, working by a different mechanism from BHA and BHT — it destroys peroxides rather than intercepting radicals, so it is often used alongside them.
What is Dilauryl thiodipropionate used for in food?
It is listed as an antioxidant — the role Codex assigns it. This page shows every function each regulator records, with the citation for each.
Is Dilauryl thiodipropionate banned in Europe?
No. Dilauryl thiodipropionate does not appear on the EU's list of authorised food additives, which is not the same as being banned: the EU permits an additive only where it has authorised it, and usually the reason for an absence is that no one applied. The EU has made no finding against this substance. It does mean it may not be used as a food additive in the EU today.
Where is Dilauryl thiodipropionate permitted?
Of the seven regulators this site reads, the US and the Codex standard permit it. Each permission is for named foods at named levels, not a blanket one; the table on this page gives them with citations.
Is Dilauryl thiodipropionate vegan?
Yes. Dilauryl thiodipropionate is not derived from animals, and is suitable for vegetarians. This page says what it is made from and how.

Sources for this page

  • ecfr retrieved 2026-10-17
  • gsfa retrieved 2026-09-07
  • jecfaspecs retrieved 2026-09-23

Full licence terms and publisher details on Sources. How this page is built and updated: Method.

Machine-readable: a JSON record of this additive is given on request —how to ask for access.

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