INS 365 is Sodium fumarates. Sodium fumarate is an acidity regulator used in drink powders, desserts and bakery fillings.

What is Sodium fumarates used for in food?

It is listed as an acidity regulator — the role Canada and Codex assign it. This page shows every function each regulator records, with the citation for each.

Where is Sodium fumarates permitted?

Of the seven regulators this site reads, Australia and New Zealand, Canada, South Korea and the Codex standard permit it. Each permission is for named foods at named levels, not a blanket one; the table on this page gives them with citations.

Is Sodium fumarates vegan?

Yes. Sodium fumarates is not derived from animals, and is suitable for vegetarians. This page says what it is made from and how.

Sodium fumarates (INS 365): legal status by country

Where it is and isn’t permitted

Status of Sodium fumarates by jurisdiction. Every jurisdiction this site covers is listed, including those where the substance does not appear.
Jurisdiction	Status	Scope and limits	Citation
Australia and New ZealandFood Standards Australia New Zealand	Permitted, with conditions	54 food categories no numerical limit (good manufacturing practice) Show every food category 0 Preparations of food additives — GMP 1.1.1 Liquid milk (including buttermilk) — GMPOnly UHT goats milk. 1.1.2 Liquid milk products and flavoured liquid milk — GMP 1.2.2 Fermented milk products and rennetted milk products — GMP 1.3 Condensed milk and evaporated milk — GMP 1.4.1 Cream, reduced cream and light cream — GMPOnly UHT creams and creams receiving equivalent or greater heat treatments. 1.4.2 Cream products (flavoured, whipped, thickened, sour cream etc) — GMP 1.5 Dried milk, milk powder, cream powder — GMP 1.6 Cheese and cheese products — GMP 10.2 Liquid egg products — GMP 10.3 Frozen egg products — GMP 10.4 Dried or heat coagulated egg products — GMP 11.1.1 Rainbow sugar — GMP 11.3.1 Dried honey — GMP 11.4 Tabletop sweeteners — GMP 12.1.2 Reduced sodium salt mixture — GMP 12.1.3 Salt substitute — GMP 12.5 Yeast and yeast products — GMP 12.6 Vegetable protein products — GMP 13.3 Formulated meal replacements and formulated supplementary foods — GMP 13.4 Formulated supplementary sports foods — GMP 13.5 Food for special medical purposes — GMP 14.1.1.2 Carbonated, mineralised and soda waters — GMP 14.1.2.1 Fruit and vegetable juices — GMPFor juice separated by other than mechanical means only. 14.1.2.2 Fruit and vegetable juice products — GMP 14.1.3 Water based flavoured drinks — GMP 14.1.4 Formulated Beverages — GMP 14.1.5 Coffee, coffee substitutes, tea, herbal infusions and similar products — GMP 14.2.3 Wine based drinks and reduced alcohol wines — GMP 14.2.4.1 Fruit wine products and vegetable wine products — GMP 14.2.5 Spirits and liqueurs — GMP 14.3 Alcoholic beverages not included in item 14.2 — GMP 2.1 Edible oils essentially free of water — GMP 2.2.1.2 Butter products — GMP 2.2.1.3 Margarine and similar products — GMP 2.2.2 Oil emulsions (<80% oil) — GMP 20 Foods not included in items 0 to 14 — GMP 3 Ice cream and edible ices — GMP 4.1.3 Fruits and vegetables that are peeled, cut, or both peeled and cut — GMP 4.3 Processed fruits and vegetables — GMP 5.1 Chocolate and cocoa products — GMP 5.2 Sugar confectionery — GMP 5.4 Icings and frostings — GMP 6.3 Processed cereal and meal products — GMP 6.4 Flour products (including noodles and pasta) — GMP 7 Breads and bakery products — GMP 8.2 Processed meat, poultry and game products in whole cuts or pieces — GMP 8.3 Processed comminuted meat, poultry and game products, other than products listed in item 8.3.2 — GMP 8.3.2 Sausage and sausage meat containing raw, unprocessed meat — GMP 8.4 Edible casings — GMP 8.5 Animal protein products — GMP 9.2 Processed fish and fish products — GMP 9.3 Semi preserved fish and fish products — GMP 9.4 Fully preserved fish including canned fish products — GMP	Food Standards Code, Schedule 15, S15—5and 53 further provisionsretrieved 2026-10-17
CanadaHealth Canada	Permitted	no numerical limit (good manufacturing practice) In: Unstandardized foods. Purpose: Acidity regulator. Limit: Good Manufacturing Practice.	Health Canada, List of Permitted Acidity Regulators and Acid-Reacting Materials (List 10), item S.10retrieved 2026-10-17
European UnionEuropean Commission / EFSA	No listed food uses foundThis site has not matched this substance to any food use on this jurisdiction’s list of authorised food additives. A food additive may be used only in foods that list names. Flavourings, enzymes, processing aids and added nutrients are regulated separately and do not appear on it.
Great BritainFood Standards Agency / Food Standards Scotland	No listed food uses foundThis site has not matched this substance to any food use on this jurisdiction’s list of authorised food additives. A food additive may be used only in foods that list names. Flavourings, enzymes, processing aids and added nutrients are regulated separately and do not appear on it.
JapanConsumer Affairs Agency	No listing matchedThis site imports only Japan’s list of designated additives (Appended Table 1 to the Regulations for Enforcement of the Food Sanitation Act), matched by English name. Existing additives, natural flavouring agents and ordinary foods used as additives are permitted outside that list and are not imported, so an empty row does not show that Japan does not permit the substance.
South KoreaMinistry of Food and Drug Safety	Permitted, with conditions	Designated food additive: Standards and Specifications for Food Additives, Part III, 1. … Designated food additive: Standards and Specifications for Food Additives, Part III, 1. 일반식품첨가물 (general food additives), 푸마르산일나트륨 (“Monosodium Fumarate”, the English the Code prints beside it). Main use (주용도) of 푸마르산일나트륨: 산도조절제. Standard for use (사용기준) of 푸마르산일나트륨: (1) [to be used under the general standard for use in II. 2. 1), the minimum amount that achieves the technical effect, with no limit set for this additive in particular] “II. 2. 1)의 규정에 따라 사용하여야 한다.” The Korean is the standard as published. There is no official English translation of the current Code (the English version on MFDS’s website is the 2020 edition and has no legal effect); the English in square brackets is this site’s description of what each sentence does, not a translation of the foods or the levels. Compositional specifications (Part IV) are not imported, nor are the general standards in Part II, which apply to every additive.	Standards and Specifications for Food Additives (식품첨가물의 기준 및 규격), MFDS Notification, Part III (Standards for use, by item)retrieved 2026-10-18
United StatesFood and Drug Administration	Not listedDoes not appear on this jurisdiction’s permitted list. That is not the same as being prohibited.
Codex AlimentariusCodex Alimentarius Commission / JECFA	Permitted, with conditions	8 food categories no numerical limit (good manufacturing practice) Show every food category and its notes 01.2.1.2 Fermented milks (plain), heat-treated after fermentation — GMP Note 630 For use in products conforming to the Standard for Fermented Milks (CXS 243-2003) only, as an acidity regulator in flavoured fermented milks and flavoured drinks based on fermented milks that are not heat treated after fermentation, and in plain and flavoured milks and drinks based on fermented milks that are heat treated after fermentation. 04.2.2.7 Fermented vegetable (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera) and seaweed products, excluding fermented soybean products of food categories 06.8.6, 06.8.7, 12.9.1, — GMP Note XS294 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Gochujang (CXS 294-2009). 09.2.2 Frozen battered fish, fish fillets and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — GMP Note 41 For use in breading or batter coatings only. Note XS166 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Quick Frozen Fish Sticks (Fish Fingers), Fish Portions and Fish Fillets – Breaded or in Batter (CODEX STAN 166-1989). 09.2.3 Frozen minced and creamed fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — GMP Note 16 For use in glaze, coatings or decorations for fruit, vegetables, meat or fish only. 09.2.4 Cooked and/or fried fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — GMP 09.2.5 Smoked, dried, fermented, and/or salted fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — GMP Note XS167 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Salted Fish and Dried Salted Fish of the Gadidae Family of Fishes (CODEX STAN 167-1989). Note XS189 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Dried Shark Fins (CODEX STAN 189-1993). Note XS222 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Crackers from Marine and Freshwater Fish, Crustaceans and Molluscan Shellfish (CODEX STAN 222-2001). Note XS236 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Boiled Dried Salted Anchovies (CODEX STAN 236-2003). Note XS244 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Salted Atlantic Herring and Salted Sprat (CODEX STAN 244-2004). Note XS311 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Smoked Fish, Smoked-flavoured Fish and Smoke-dried Fish (CODEX STAN 311-2013). 12.1.2 Salt substitutes — GMP 14.1.5 Coffee, coffee substitutes, tea, herbal infusions, and other hot cereal and grain beverages, excluding cocoa — GMP Note 160 For use in ready-to-drink products and pre-mixes for ready-to-drink products only.	CXS 192-1995 Table Three, INS 365and 8 further provisionsretrieved 2026-09-07

How much is permitted

A listing usually limits the quantity as well as the food. Only one of the forms that takes is a figure: quantum satis and good manufacturing practice permit the amount the technological effect requires and no more, which is a limit rather than the absence of one. Figures below are the range across every food category this page is listed in, and categories differ between regulators — see how much is permitted.

Australia and New Zealand	—	54 GMP
Canada	—	1 GMP
South Korea	—	1 no quantity stated
Codex Alimentarius	—	9 GMP

No regulator sets a figure for Sodium fumarates. That is not an absence of control: where the listing says quantum satis or good manufacturing practice, the quantity is limited to what the effect requires.

What it is made from

Made by neutralising fumaric acid, which is produced from petroleum-derived maleic acid, with sodium.

Vegan
Vegetarian

Compare other additives on the dietary indexes.

How JECFA defines it

The international specification for identity and purity, prepared by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and published by FAO. It is a different document from any above, written by a different body and revised on its own cycle; it is advisory, and a country adopts it or does not.

INS 365 Sodium Fumarate

Synonyms: Monosodium fumarate; INS No. 365

Assay, identification and purity criteria

Description and assay

Specification history: Prepared at the 30th JECFA (1986), published in FNP 37 (1986) and in FNP 52 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 59th JECFA (2002). An ADI 'Not specified' for fumaric acid and its salts was established at the 35 th JECFA (1989).
Chemical names: Monosodium fumarate, monosodium trans-butenedioic acid, monosodium trans-1,2-ethylenedicarboxylate; monosodium trans-1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid
C.A.S. number: 7704-73-6
Chemical formula: C4H3NaO4
Formula weight: 138.06
Assay: Not less than 98.0% and not more than 102.0% on the dried basis
DESCRIPTION: Odourless, white crystalline powder
FUNCTIONAL USES: Buffering agent, acidulant, flavouring enhancer
METHOD OF ASSAY: Weigh accurately about 0.3 g of the dried sample and dissolve in 30 ml of water. Titrate with 0.1 N sodium hydroxide, using 2 drops of phenolphthalein TS as the indicator. Each ml of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 13.81 mg of C4H3NaO4.

Identification

Solubility (Vol. 4): Soluble in water
pH (Vol. 4): 3 - 4 (1 in 30 solution)
1,2-Dicarboxylic acid: Place 50 mg of the sample in a test tube, add 2 to 3 mg of resorcinol and 1 ml of sulfuric acid, shake, heat at 130 o for 5 min. and cool. Dilute with water to 5 ml and add sodium hydroxide solution (2 in 5) dropwise to render the solution alkaline, cool and dilute with water to 10 ml. A greenish blue fluorescence is observed under an ultraviolet lamp.
Test for double bond: Add 10 ml of water to 0.5 g of the sample and dissolve by boiling. Add 2 or 3 drops of bromine TS to the hot solution. The colour of bromine TS disappears.
Test for sodium (Vol. 4): Passes test

Purity criteria

Loss on drying (Vol. 4): Not more than 0.5% (120 o , 4 h)
Sulfates (Vol. 4): Not more than 0.01% Add 30 ml of water to 1 g of the sample, shake, add 1 drop of phenolphthalein TS, and add ammonia TS dropwise until a slight pink colour is produced. Add 1 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid TS. Perform the test for the Limit Test. The solution corresponds to not more than 0.2 ml of 0.01 N sulfuric acid.
Maleic acid (Vol. 4): Not more than 0.05%
Lead (Vol. 4): Not more than 2 mg/kg Determine using an atomic absorption technique appropriate to the specified level. The selection of sample size and method of sample preparation may be based on the principles of the method described in Volume 4, “Instrumental Methods.”

FAO JECFA Monograph 1 (2006)

Every name it appears under

2 recorded names. A label may use any of them.

INS number

Other names

SODIUM FUMARATES

Hazard reference values

Values set by assessing bodies. A body that has not set a value is not listed here.
Type	Value	Population	Assessed by	Opinion
ADI	not specified	—	JECFA	1989

Evidence and how bodies read it

Studies, and the differing conclusions regulators drew from them, are curated rather than machine-read, and none has been written for this substance yet.

Common questions

Assembled from what is above, in the words the questions are usually asked in. Each answer is the same statement the relevant section makes, with the same citations behind it.

What is INS 365?: INS 365 is Sodium fumarates. Sodium fumarate is an acidity regulator used in drink powders, desserts and bakery fillings.
What is Sodium fumarates used for in food?: It is listed as an acidity regulator — the role Canada and Codex assign it. This page shows every function each regulator records, with the citation for each.
Where is Sodium fumarates permitted?: Of the seven regulators this site reads, Australia and New Zealand, Canada, South Korea and the Codex standard permit it. Each permission is for named foods at named levels, not a blanket one; the table on this page gives them with citations.
Is Sodium fumarates vegan?: Yes. Sodium fumarates is not derived from animals, and is suitable for vegetarians. This page says what it is made from and how.

Sources for this page

anz retrieved 2026-10-17
ca retrieved 2026-10-17
kr retrieved 2026-10-18
gsfa retrieved 2026-09-07
jecfaspecs retrieved 2026-09-23

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