beta-Carotenes, synthetic

INS 160a(i)

Listed as a colour by Codex.

Listed as colours (Codex)

This is beta-carotene made by chemical synthesis, which is the source of most of the beta-carotene used as a colour. The molecule is identical to the one in carrots.

Where it is and isn’t permitted

Status of beta-Carotenes, synthetic by jurisdiction. Every jurisdiction this site covers is listed, including those where the substance does not appear.
JurisdictionStatusScope and limitsCitation
Australia and New ZealandFood Standards Australia New ZealandNo listed food uses foundThis site has not matched this substance to any food use on this jurisdiction’s list of authorised food additives. A food additive may be used only in foods that list names. Flavourings, enzymes, processing aids and added nutrients are regulated separately and do not appear on it.Related listing with permitted uses here: Beta -carotene (E160a). This site cannot tell whether that listing covers this exact form.
CanadaHealth CanadaNo listing matchedHealth Canada’s lists name additives without E or INS numbers, so this site matches them by exact name. A substance listed there under a name this site does not recognise has no row here.Related listing with permitted uses here: Beta -carotene (E160a). This site cannot tell whether that listing covers this exact form.
European UnionEuropean Commission / EFSANo listed food uses foundThis site has not matched this substance to any food use on this jurisdiction’s list of authorised food additives. A food additive may be used only in foods that list names. Flavourings, enzymes, processing aids and added nutrients are regulated separately and do not appear on it.Related listings with permitted uses here: Beta -carotene (E160a), beta-Carotenes, Blakeslea trispora, β-Carotene-rich extract from Dunaliella Salina. This site cannot tell whether those listings cover this exact form.
Great BritainFood Standards Agency / Food Standards ScotlandNo listed food uses foundThis site has not matched this substance to any food use on this jurisdiction’s list of authorised food additives. A food additive may be used only in foods that list names. Flavourings, enzymes, processing aids and added nutrients are regulated separately and do not appear on it.Related listings with permitted uses here: Beta -carotene (E160a), beta-Carotenes, Blakeslea trispora, β-Carotene-rich extract from Dunaliella Salina. This site cannot tell whether those listings cover this exact form.
JapanConsumer Affairs AgencyNo listing matchedThis site imports only Japan’s list of designated additives (Appended Table 1 to the Regulations for Enforcement of the Food Sanitation Act), matched by English name. Existing additives, natural flavouring agents and ordinary foods used as additives are permitted outside that list and are not imported, so an empty row does not show that Japan does not permit the substance.Related listing with permitted uses here: Beta -carotene (E160a). This site cannot tell whether that listing covers this exact form.
South KoreaMinistry of Food and Drug SafetyNo listing matchedThis site imports Part III of South Korea’s Standards and Specifications for Food Additives, matched by CAS number, then INS number, then exact name. Mixed preparations and sanitisers are not imported, and an entry whose identifiers disagreed with a page’s is held for review, so an empty row does not show that South Korea does not permit the substance.Related listing with permitted uses here: Beta -carotene (E160a). This site cannot tell whether that listing covers this exact form.
United StatesFood and Drug AdministrationNot listedDoes not appear on this jurisdiction’s permitted list. That is not the same as being prohibited.
Codex AlimentariusCodex Alimentarius Commission / JECFAPermitted, with conditions

73 food categories

highest permitted level 1,500 mg/kg

Show every food category and its notes
  • 01.1.4 Flavoured Fluid Milk Drinks — 20 mg/kg
    • Note 52 Excluding chocolate milk.
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note 402 Except for use in products conforming to the Standard for Fermented Milks (CXS 243-2003) at 100 mg/kg.
  • 01.3.2 Beverage whiteners — 10 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note XS250 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for a Blend of Evaporated Skimmed Milk and Vegetable Fat (CODEX STAN 250-2006).
    • Note XS252 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for a Blend of Sweetened Condensed Skimmed Milk and Vegetable Fat (CODEX STAN 252-2006).
  • 01.4.4 Cream analogues — 20 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 01.5.2 Milk and cream powder analogues — 6 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note XS251 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for a Blend of Skimmed Milk and Vegetable Fat in Powdered Form (CODEX STAN 251-2006).
  • 01.6.1 Unripened cheese — 3 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note 462 Except for use in products conforming to the General Standard for Unripened Cheese including Fresh Cheese (CXS 221-2001) at 25 mg/kg.
    • Note 473 Except for use in products conforming to the Standard for Cream Cheese (CXS 275-1973) at 35 mg/kg.
    • Note XS262 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Mozzarella (CODEX STAN 262-2006).
    • Note XS273 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Cottage Cheese (CXS 273-1968).
  • 01.6.2.1 Ripened cheese, includes rind — 25 mg/kg
    • Note XS208 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Cheese in Brine (CODEX STAN 208-1999).
    • Note XS278 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Extra Hard Grating Cheese (CXS 278-1978).
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note 458 Except for use in cheese mass only for products conforming to the Standards for Cheddar (CXS 263-1966), Danbo (CXS 264-1966), Edam (CXS 265-1966), Gouda (CXS 266-1966), Havarti (CXS 267-1966), Samsø (CXS 268-1966), Emmental (CXS 269-1967), Tilsiter (CXS 270-1968), Saint-Paulin (CXS 271-1968), Provolone (CXS 272-1968), Coulommiers (CXS 274-1969), Camembert (CXS 276-1973) and Brie (CXS 277-1973) at 35 mg/kg.
  • 01.6.2.2 Rind of ripened cheese — 100 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 01.6.2.3 Cheese powder (for reconstitution; e.g. for cheese sauces) — 20 mg/kg
    • Note 381 As consumed.
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 01.6.4 Processed cheese — 25 mg/kg
    • Note 145 Except for use at 100 mg/kg in sliced processed cheeses.
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 01.6.5 Cheese analogues — 25 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note 378 Except for use at 100 mg/kg in sliced cheese analogues.
  • 01.7 Dairy-based desserts (e.g. pudding, fruit or flavoured yoghurt) — 20 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note 402 Except for use in products conforming to the Standard for Fermented Milks (CXS 243-2003) at 100 mg/kg.
  • 02.1.2 Vegetable oils and fats — 25 mg/kg
    • Note 508 For use in products, excluding virgin or cold pressed oils and vegetable oils, conforming to the Standard for Edible Fats and Oils not Covered by Individual Standards (CXS 19-1981) only, for the purposes of restoring natural colour lost in processing, or standardising colour.
    • Note XS33 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Olive Oils and Olive Pomace Oils (CODEX STAN 33-1981).
    • Note XS210 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Named Vegetable Oils (CXS 210-1999).
    • Note XS325R Excluding products conforming to the Regional Standard for Unrefined Shea Butter (CXS 325R-2017).
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 02.1.3 Lard, tallow, fish oil, and other animal fats — 10 mg/kg
    • Note 518 Except for use in products conforming to the Standard for Edible fats and oils not covered by individual standards (CXS 19-1981) and the Standard for Named Animal Fats (CXS 211-1999) at 25 mg/kg for the purposes of restoring natural colour lost in processing, or standardizing colour only.
    • Note XS329 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Fish Oils (CXS 329-2017).
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 02.2.1 Butter — 12 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 02.2.2 Fat spreads, dairy fat spreads and blended spreads — 35 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 02.3 Fat emulsions mainly of type oil-in-water, including mixed and/or flavoured products based on fat emulsions — 10 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 02.4 Fat-based desserts excluding dairy-based dessert products of food category 01.7 — 15 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 03.0 Edible ices, including sherbet and sorbet — 70 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 04.1.2.10 Fermented fruit products — 10 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 04.1.2.11 Fruit fillings for pastries — 10 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 04.1.2.3 Fruit in vinegar, oil, or brine — 50 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 04.1.2.4 Canned or bottled (pasteurized) fruit — 50 mg/kg
    • Note 104 Excluding canned pears (except for use in special holiday packs) and canned pineapples conforming to the Standard for Certain Canned Fruits (CODEX STAN 319-2015).
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 04.1.2.5 — 15 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 04.1.2.6 Fruit-based spreads (e.g. chutney) excluding products of food category — 10 mg/kg
    • Note XS160 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Mango Chutney (CODEX STAN 160-1987).
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 04.1.2.7 Candied fruit — 30 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 04.1.2.8 Fruit preparations, including pulp, purees, fruit toppings and coconut milk — 18 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note XS240 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Aqueous Coconut Products (CODEX STAN 240-2003).
    • Note XS314R Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Date Paste (CODEX STAN 314R-2013).
  • 04.1.2.9 Fruit-based desserts, incl. fruit-flavoured water-based desserts — 50 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 04.2.1.2 Surface-treated fresh vegetables, (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera), seaweeds and nuts and seeds — 50 mg/kg
    • Note 4 For use in decoration, stamping, marking or branding the product only.
    • Note 16 For use in glaze, coatings or decorations for fruit, vegetables, meat or fish only.
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
  • 04.2.2.2 Dried vegetables (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera), seaweeds, and nuts and seeds — 50 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note XS323R Excluding products conforming to the Regional Standard for Laver Products (CXS 323R-2017).
    • Note XS336R Excluding products conforming to the Regional Standard for kava products for use as a beverage when mixed with water (North America and South West Pacific) (CXS 336R-2020).
  • 04.2.2.3 Vegetables (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera), and seaweeds in vinegar, oil, brine, or soybean sauce — 5 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note XS66 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Table Olives (CODEX STAN 66-1981).
  • 04.2.2.4 Canned or bottled (pasteurized) or retort pouch vegetables (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera), and seaweeds — 50 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note XS57 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Processed Tomato Concentrates (CODEX STAN 57-1981).
    • Note XS257R Excluding products conforming to the Codex Regional Standard for Canned Humus with Tehena (CODEX STAN 257R-2007).
    • Note XS258R Excluding products conforming to the Regional Standard for Canned Foul Medames (CXS 258R-2007).
  • 04.2.2.5 Vegetable (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera), seaweed, and nut and seed purees and spreads (e.g. peanut butter) — 50 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note XS57 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Processed Tomato Concentrates (CODEX STAN 57-1981).
  • 04.2.2.6 Vegetable (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera), seaweed, and nut and seed pulps and preparations (e.g. vegetable desserts and sauces, candied vegetables) other than food category 04.2.2.5 — 50 mg/kg
    • Note 92 Excluding tomato-based sauces.
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note XS57 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Processed Tomato Concentrates (CODEX STAN 57-1981).
    • Note XS259R Excluding products conforming to the Codex Regional Standard for Tehena (CODEX STAN 259R-2007).
    • Note XS308R Excluding products conforming to the Regional Standard for Harissa (Red Hot Pepper Paste) (CXS 308R-2011).
  • 04.2.2.7 Fermented vegetable (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera) and seaweed products, excluding fermented soybean products of food categories 06.8.6, 06.8.7, 12.9.1, — 5 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note XS38 Excluding products conforming to the General Standard for Edible Fungi and Fungus Products (CODEX STAN 38-1981).
    • Note XS151 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Gari (CXS 151-1985).
    • Note XS223 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Kimchi (CXS 223-2001).
    • Note XS294 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Gochujang (CXS 294-2009).
  • 05.1.3 Cocoa-based spreads, incl. fillings — 3 mg/kg
    • Note XS86 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Cocoa Butter (CODEX STAN 86-1981).
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 05.1.4 Cocoa and chocolate products — 100 mg/kg
    • Note 183 For use in surface decoration only.
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 05.1.5 Imitation chocolate, chocolate substitute products — 100 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 05.2 Confectionery including hard and soft candy, nougats, etc. other than food categories 05.1, 05.3, and 05.4 — 100 mg/kg
    • Note XS309R Excluding products conforming to the Codex Regional Standard for Halawa Tehenia (CODEX STAN 309R-211).
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 05.3 Chewing gum — 100 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 05.4 Decorations (e.g. for fine bakery wares), toppings (non-fruit), and sweet sauces — 100 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 06.3 Breakfast cereals, including rolled oats — 200 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 06.4.3 Pre-cooked pastas and noodles and like products — 40 mg/kg
    • Note 153 For use in instant noodles only.
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note XS364R Excluding use in products conforming to the Regional standard for quick-frozen dumplings (CXS 364R-2026).
  • 06.5 Cereal and starch based desserts (e.g. rice pudding, tapioca pudding) — 50 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 06.6 Batters (e.g. for breading or batters for fish or poultry) — 50 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 06.8.1 Soybean-based beverages — 25 mg/kg
    • Note 127 On the served to the consumer basis.
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note 643 For use only in composite/ flavoured soybean beverages and soybean-based beverages conforming to the Regional Standard for Non-Fermented Soybean Products (Asia) (CXS 322R-2015).
  • 07.1.2 Crackers, excluding sweet crackers — 200 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 07.1.3 Other ordinary bakery products (e.g. bagels, pita, English muffins) — 60 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 07.1.4 Bread-type products, including bread stuffing and bread crumbs — 30 mg/kg
    • Note 116 For use in doughs only.
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 07.1.5 Steamed breads and buns — 1 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note 379 Except for use in maize-based products at 60 mg/kg.
  • 07.2 Fine bakery wares (sweet, salty, savoury) and mixes — 42 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 08.3.1 Non-heat treated processed comminuted meat, poultry, and game products — 20 mg/kg
    • Note 16 For use in glaze, coatings or decorations for fruit, vegetables, meat or fish only.
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 08.3.2 Heat-treated processed comminuted meat, poultry, and game products — 20 mg/kg
    • Note 16 For use in glaze, coatings or decorations for fruit, vegetables, meat or fish only.
    • Note XS88 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Corned Beef (CODEX STAN 88-1981).
    • Note XS89 Excluding products conforming to Standard for Luncheon Meat (CODEX STAN 89-1981).
    • Note XS98 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Cooked Cured Chopped Meat (CODEX STAN 98-1981).
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 08.4 Edible casings (e.g. sausage casings) — 1,500 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note 365 On a casings basis.
  • 09.2 Processed fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — 100 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note XS36 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Quick Frozen Finfish, Uneviscerated and Eviscerated (CODEX STAN 36-1981).
    • Note XS92 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Quick Frozen Shrimps and Prawns (CODEX STAN 92-1981).
    • Note XS95 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Quick Frozen Lobsters (CODEX STAN 95-1981).
    • Note XS165 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Quick Frozen Blocks of Fish Fillet, Minced Fish Flesh and Mixtures of Fillets and Minced Fish Flesh (CODEX STAN 165-1989).
    • Note XS167 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Salted Fish and Dried Salted Fish of the Gadidae Family of Fishes (CODEX STAN 167-1989).
    • Note XS189 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Dried Shark Fins (CODEX STAN 189-1993).
    • Note XS190 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Quick Frozen Fish Fillets (CODEX STAN 190-1995).
    • Note XS191 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Quick Frozen Raw Squid (CODEX STAN 191-1995).
    • Note XS222 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Crackers from Marine and Freshwater Fish, Crustaceans and Molluscan Shellfish (CODEX STAN 222-2001).
    • Note XS236 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Boiled Dried Salted Anchovies (CODEX STAN 236-2003).
    • Note XS244 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Salted Atlantic Herring and Salted Sprat (CODEX STAN 244-2004).
    • Note XS292 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Live and Raw Bivalve Molluscs (CODEX STAN 292-2008).
    • Note XS311 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Smoked Fish, Smoked-flavoured Fish and Smoke-dried Fish (CODEX STAN 311-2013).
    • Note XS312 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Live Abalone and for Raw Fresh Chilled or Frozen Abalone for Direct Consumption or for Further Processing (CODEX STAN 312-2013).
    • Note XS315 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Fresh and Quick Frozen Raw Scallop Products (CODEX STAN 315-2014).
  • 09.3 Semi-preserved fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — 20 mg/kg
    • Note 95 For non-standardized foods: for use in surimi and fish roe products only.
    • Note XS291 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Sturgeon Caviar (CODEX STAN 291-2010).
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 09.4 Fully preserved, including canned or fermented fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — 20 mg/kg
    • Note 95 For non-standardized foods: for use in surimi and fish roe products only.
    • Note XS3 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Canned Salmon (CODEX STAN 3-1981).
    • Note XS37 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Canned Shrimps or Prawns (CODEX STAN 37-1991).
    • Note XS70 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Canned Tuna and Bonito (70-1981).
    • Note XS90 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Canned Crab Meat (CODEX STAN 90-1981).
    • Note XS94 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Canned Sardines and Sardine-Type Products (CODEX STAN 94-1981).
    • Note XS119 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Canned Finfish (CODEX STAN 119-1981).
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 10.4 Egg-based desserts (e.g. custard) — 15 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 12.2.2 Seasonings and condiments — 100 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 12.4 Mustards — 5 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 12.5 Soups and broths — 10 mg/kg
    • Note 448 For use in products conforming to the Codex Standard for Bouillons and Consommés (CODEX STAN 117-1981), singly or in combination: beta-Carotenes (INS 160a(i), 160a(iii), and 160a(iv)), Carotenes, beta-, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)) and carotenal, beta-apo-8’- (INS 160e) at 50 mg/kg.
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 12.6 Sauces and like products — 80 mg/kg
    • Note XS302 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Fish Sauce (CODEX STAN 302-2011).
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 12.7 Salads (e.g. macaroni salad, potato salad) and sandwich spreads excluding cocoa-and nut-based spreads of food categories 04.2.2.5 and 05.1.3 — 20 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 13.3 Dietetic foods intended for special medical purposes (excluding products of food category 13.1) — 50 mg/kg
    • Note XS118 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Foods for Special Dietary Use for Persons Intolerant to Gluten (CXS 118-1979).
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note 566 Excluding products conforming to the Guidelines for Ready to Use Therapeutic Foods (CXG 95-2022).
  • 13.4 Dietetic formulae for slimming purposes and weight reduction — 8 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 13.5 Dietetic foods (e.g. supplementary foods for dietary use) excluding products of food categories — 100 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 13.6 Food supplements — 220 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note 539 For use in solid forms as sold to the consumer only.
  • 14.1.4 Water-based flavoured drinks, including "sport," “energy,” or "electrolyte" drinks and particulated drinks — 25 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
    • Note 127 On the served to the consumer basis.
  • 14.2.2 Cider and perry — 3 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 14.2.4 Wines (other than grape) — 3 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 14.2.6 Distilled spirituous beverages containing more than 15% alcohol — 3 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 14.2.7 Aromatized alcoholic beverages (e.g. beer, wine and spirituous cooler-type beverages, low-alcoholic refreshers) — 15 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 15.1 Snacks - potato, cereal, flour or starch based (from roots and tubers, pulses and legumes) — 30 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
  • 15.2 Processed nuts, including coated nuts and nut mixtures (with e.g. dried fruit) — 30 mg/kg
    • Note 341 Expressed as beta-Carotene.
    • Note 344 Singly or in combination: Beta-Carotenes (beta-carotenes, synthetic (INS 160a(i)), beta- carotenes, Blakeslea trispora (INS 160a(iii)), beta-Carotene-Rich Extract from Dunaliella salina (INS 160a(iv)) and beta-carotenes, vegetable (INS 160a(ii)).
CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 160a(i)and 72 further provisionsretrieved 2026-09-07

How much is permitted

A listing usually limits the quantity as well as the food. Only one of the forms that takes is a figure: quantum satis and good manufacturing practice permit the amount the technological effect requires and no more, which is a limit rather than the absence of one. Figures below are the range across every food category this page is listed in, and categories differ between regulators — see how much is permitted.

Codex Alimentarius1 mg/kg – 1,500 mg/kg73 numeric limit

What it is made from

Synthesised from petroleum-derived intermediates. Preparations are often suspended in oil or, for water-dispersible forms, carried in a matrix that may include gelatin — which is a dietary question about the preparation rather than the pigment.

  • Vegan status depends on the source
  • Vegetarian status depends on the source
  • May raise a halal question
  • May raise a kosher question

This is not an omission. What this additive is made from is not fixed — depending on the manufacturer it may be plant, animal or microbial in origin, nobody is required to say which, and the same product can change source between production runs. Ask the manufacturer if it matters to you; a label cannot answer it.

Compare other additives on the dietary indexes.

Every name it appears under

3 recorded names. A label may use any of them.

INS number

  • 160a(i)

Other names

  • beta-Carotenes, synthetic
  • CAROTENES, BETA-

Hazard reference values

Values set by assessing bodies. A body that has not set a value is not listed here.
TypeValuePopulationAssessed byOpinion
ADIwithdrawn—JECFA2019

Evidence and how bodies read it

What assessing bodies concluded

Each conclusion is paraphrased in the body's own framing, from the published opinion linked beneath it. Where bodies differ, both stand; this site does not adjudicate between them or add a view of its own.

  1. EFSA 2012

    The ANS Panel concluded that no ADI could be established for mixed carotenes (E 160a(i)) or β-carotene (E 160a(ii)), and that their use as a colour is not of safety concern provided intake from additive and supplement use does not exceed what is typically ingested from foods in which they occur naturally (5–10 mg/day). It found the specifications for mixed carotenes inadequate and could not conclude on their safety in use.

    Source document

Common questions

Assembled from what is above, in the words the questions are usually asked in. Each answer is the same statement the relevant section makes, with the same citations behind it.

What is INS 160a(i)?
INS 160a(i) is beta-Carotenes, synthetic. This is beta-carotene made by chemical synthesis, which is the source of most of the beta-carotene used as a colour. The molecule is identical to the one in carrots.
What is beta-Carotenes, synthetic used for in food?
It is listed as a colour — the role Codex assigns it. This page shows every function each regulator records, with the citation for each.
Where is beta-Carotenes, synthetic permitted?
Of the seven regulators this site reads, the Codex standard permits it. Each permission is for named foods at named levels, not a blanket one; the table on this page gives them with citations.
Is beta-Carotenes, synthetic vegan?
It depends on the source, and a label will not tell you. beta-Carotenes, synthetic can be made from plant or animal material, manufacturers are not obliged to say which, and the same product can change between production runs. Anyone who needs to know has to ask the manufacturer.

Sources for this page

  • gsfa retrieved 2026-09-07

Full licence terms and publisher details on Sources. How this page is built and updated: Method.

Machine-readable: a JSON record of this additive is given on request —how to ask for access.

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