What is Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol used for in food?

It is listed as an emulsifier and a stabiliser — the role Canada and Codex assign it. This page shows every function each regulator records, with the citation for each.

Where is Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol permitted?

Of the seven regulators this site reads, Australia and New Zealand, Canada, the EU, Great Britain and the Codex standard permit it. Each permission is for named foods at named levels, not a blanket one; the table on this page gives them with citations.

Is Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol vegan?

It depends on the source, and a label will not tell you. Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol can be made from plant or animal material, manufacturers are not obliged to say which, and the same product can change between production runs. Anyone who needs to know has to ask the manufacturer.

Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol

Citrem · Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides · Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids · CITRIC AND FATTY ACID ESTERS OF GLYCEROL · Citroglycerides · E 472c · Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids esterified with citric acid · E472c · 472c · Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids · citratni estri mono- in digliceridov maščobnih kislin · Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids · Citronensäureester von Mono- und Diglyceriden von Speisefettsäuren · Citronsyreestere af mono- og diglycerider af fedtsyrer · Esteri ai acidului citric cu mono- și digliceridele acizilor grași · Esteri citrici di mono- e digliceridi degli acidi grassi · Esteri limunske kiseline mono- i diglicerida masnih kiselina · ESTERI LIMUNSKE KISELINE MONOGLICERIDA I DIGLICERIDA MASNIH KISELINA · ESTERI TAL-AĊIDU ĊITRIKU TAL-MONO- U D-DIGLIĊERIDI TAL-AĊIDI GRASSI · Esteri tal-aċidu ċitriku ta’ mono- u digliċeridi ta’ aċidi xaħmin · Esters citriques des mono- et diglycérides d’acides gras · Estery mono- a diglyceridov mastných kyselín s kyselinou citrónovou · Estery mono- a diglyceridů mastných kyselin s kyselinou citronovou · Mono- en diglyceriden van vetzuren, veresterd met citroenzuur · Mono- i diglicerydy kwasów tłuszczowych estryfikowane kwasem cytrynowym · Mono- och diglyceriders citronsyraestrar · Rasvahappojen mono- ja diglyseridien sitruunahappoesterit · RASVHAPETE MONO- JA DIGLÜTSERIIDIDE ESTRID SIDRUNHAPPEGA · Rasvhapete mono- ja diglütseriidide ning sidrunhappe estrid · Riebalų rūgščių mono- ir digliceridų citrinų rūgšties esteriai · TAUKSKĀBJU MONO- UN DIGLICERĪDU CITRONSKĀBES ESTERI · Taukskābju monoglicerīdu un diglicerīdu citronskābes esteri · Zsírsavak mono- és digliceridjeinek citromsav-észterei · Ésteres cítricos de mono e diglicéridos de ácidos gordos · Ésteres cítricos de monoglicéridos y diglicéridos de ácidos grasos · Εστέρες του κιτρικού οξέος με μονο- και διγλυκερίδια λιπαρών οξέων · Естери на лимонената киселина с моно- и диглицериди на мастни киселини

E number E472cINS 472cCAS 97593-31-2

Listed as an emulsifier and a stabiliser by Canada and Codex.

Listed as emulsifiers (CA, Codex) · stabilisers (CA, Codex) · preservatives (CA) · antioxidants (Codex) · thickeners (CA) · sequestrants (Codex) · flour treatment agents (Codex) · flavouring agents and adjuvants (US) · carriers (CA) · solvents and vehicles (CA)

Canada: Emulsifying agent — Health Canada, List of Permitted Emulsifying, Gelling, Stabilizing or Thickening Agents (List 4)
Canada: Emulsifying, stabilizing or thickening agent — Health Canada, List of Permitted Emulsifying, Gelling, Stabilizing or Thickening Agents (List 4)
Codex Alimentarius: Emulsifier — CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 472c
Canada: Emulsifying, stabilizing or thickening agent — Health Canada, List of Permitted Emulsifying, Gelling, Stabilizing or Thickening Agents (List 4)
Codex Alimentarius: Stabilizer — CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 472c
Canada: Preservative — Health Canada, List of Permitted Preservatives (List 11)
Codex Alimentarius: Antioxidant — CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 472c
Canada: Emulsifying, stabilizing or thickening agent — Health Canada, List of Permitted Emulsifying, Gelling, Stabilizing or Thickening Agents (List 4)
Codex Alimentarius: Sequestrant — CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 472c
Codex Alimentarius: Flour treatment agent — CXS 192-1995 Table One, INS 472c
United States: Flavoring agent or adjuvant — FDA, Substances Added to Food: CITRIC AND FATTY ACID ESTERS OF GLYCEROL
Canada: Carrier solvent — Health Canada, List of Permitted Solvents (List 15)
Canada: Carrier solvent — Health Canada, List of Permitted Solvents (List 15)

These are mono- and diglycerides esterified with citric acid, used in margarine, sausages and baked goods, and as an antioxidant synergist in frying oils.

Where it is and isn’t permitted

Status of Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol by jurisdiction. Every jurisdiction this site covers is listed, including those where the substance does not appear.
Jurisdiction	Status	Scope and limits	Citation
Australia and New ZealandFood Standards Australia New Zealand	Permitted, with conditions	56 food categories highest permitted level 9,000 mg/L Show every food category 0 Preparations of food additives — GMP 1.1.1 Liquid milk (including buttermilk) — GMPOnly UHT goats milk. 1.1.2 Liquid milk products and flavoured liquid milk — GMP 1.2.2 Fermented milk products and rennetted milk products — GMP 1.3 Condensed milk and evaporated milk — GMP 1.4.1 Cream, reduced cream and light cream — GMPOnly UHT creams and creams receiving equivalent or greater heat treatments. 1.4.2 Cream products (flavoured, whipped, thickened, sour cream etc) — GMP 1.5 Dried milk, milk powder, cream powder — GMP 1.6 Cheese and cheese products — GMP 10.2 Liquid egg products — GMP 10.3 Frozen egg products — GMP 10.4 Dried or heat coagulated egg products — GMP 11.1.1 Rainbow sugar — GMP 11.3.1 Dried honey — GMP 11.4 Tabletop sweeteners — GMP 12.1.2 Reduced sodium salt mixture — GMP 12.1.3 Salt substitute — GMP 12.5 Yeast and yeast products — GMP 12.6 Vegetable protein products — GMP 13.1 Infant formula products — 7,500 mg/LOnly in a powdered product. Applies in Australia; New Zealand has not adopted Standard 2.9.1 (infant formula products) and applies its own infant formula standard. 13.1 Infant formula products — 9,000 mg/LOnly in a liquid product. Applies in Australia; New Zealand has not adopted Standard 2.9.1 (infant formula products) and applies its own infant formula standard. 13.3 Formulated meal replacements and formulated supplementary foods — GMP 13.4 Formulated supplementary sports foods — GMP 13.5 Food for special medical purposes — GMP 14.1.1.2 Carbonated, mineralised and soda waters — GMP 14.1.2.1 Fruit and vegetable juices — GMPFor juice separated by other than mechanical means only. 14.1.2.2 Fruit and vegetable juice products — GMP 14.1.3 Water based flavoured drinks — GMP 14.1.4 Formulated Beverages — GMP 14.1.5 Coffee, coffee substitutes, tea, herbal infusions and similar products — GMP 14.2.3 Wine based drinks and reduced alcohol wines — GMP 14.2.4.1 Fruit wine products and vegetable wine products — GMP 14.2.5 Spirits and liqueurs — GMP 14.3 Alcoholic beverages not included in item 14.2 — GMP 2.1 Edible oils essentially free of water — GMP 2.2.1.2 Butter products — GMP 2.2.1.3 Margarine and similar products — GMP 2.2.2 Oil emulsions (<80% oil) — GMP 20 Foods not included in items 0 to 14 — GMP 3 Ice cream and edible ices — GMP 4.1.3 Fruits and vegetables that are peeled, cut, or both peeled and cut — GMP 4.3 Processed fruits and vegetables — GMP 5.1 Chocolate and cocoa products — GMP 5.2 Sugar confectionery — GMP 5.4 Icings and frostings — GMP 6.3 Processed cereal and meal products — GMP 6.4 Flour products (including noodles and pasta) — GMP 7 Breads and bakery products — GMP 8.2 Processed meat, poultry and game products in whole cuts or pieces — GMP 8.3 Processed comminuted meat, poultry and game products, other than products listed in item 8.3.2 — GMP 8.3.2 Sausage and sausage meat containing raw, unprocessed meat — GMP 8.4 Edible casings — GMP 8.5 Animal protein products — GMP 9.2 Processed fish and fish products — GMP 9.3 Semi preserved fish and fish products — GMP 9.4 Fully preserved fish including canned fish products — GMP	Food Standards Code, Schedule 15, S15—5and 55 further provisionsretrieved 2026-10-17
CanadaHealth Canada	Permitted, with conditions	no numerical limit (good manufacturing practice) 9 permitted uses Show every permitted use In: (Naming the flavour) flavour. Purpose: Emulsifying agent. Limit: Good Manufacturing Practice. Amendment notices: M-FAA-24-14. — Health Canada, List of Permitted Emulsifying, Gelling, Stabilizing or Thickening Agents (List 4), item C.15(a) In: Infant formula based on crystalline amino acids or protein hydrolysates, or both; Whole protein-based infant formula for special dietary purposes. Purpose: Emulsifying agent. Limit: 1,550 ppm in the infant formula as consumed. Amendment notices: NOM/ADM-0153. — Health Canada, List of Permitted Emulsifying, Gelling, Stabilizing or Thickening Agents (List 4), item C.15(a.1) In: Unstandardized foods. Purpose: Emulsifying, stabilizing or thickening agent. Limit: Good Manufacturing Practice. — Health Canada, List of Permitted Emulsifying, Gelling, Stabilizing or Thickening Agents (List 4), item C.15(b) In: (Naming the flavour) essence; (Naming the flavour) extract; (Naming the flavour) flavour. Purpose: Preservative. Limit: Good Manufacturing Practice. Amendment notices: M-FAA-24-14. — Health Canada, List of Permitted Preservatives (List 11), item C.8(a) In: Calorie-reduced margarine; Margarine. Purpose: Preservative. Limit: If used singly, the amount not to exceed 0.01% of the fat content. If used in any combination with monoglyceride citrate or monoisopropyl citrate in accordance with this list or stearyl citrate in accordance with item S.11 of the List of Permitted Sequestering Agents, the total combined amount not to exceed 0.01% of the fat content. — Health Canada, List of Permitted Preservatives (List 11), item C.8(b) In: Fats and oils, except milk fat, olive oil and suet; Lard; Mono- and diglycerides; Shortening. Purpose: Preservative. Limit: Good Manufacturing Practice. — Health Canada, List of Permitted Preservatives (List 11), item C.8(c) In: Unstandardized foods, except unstandardized preparations of meat or meat by-product, fish or meat (as defined in section B.21.002 of the Food and Drug Regulations) or poultry meat or poultry meat by-product. Purpose: Preservative. Limit: Good Manufacturing Practice. Amendment notices: NOM/ADM-0122. — Health Canada, List of Permitted Preservatives (List 11), item C.8(d) In: Natural extractives; Spice extracts. Purpose: Carrier solvent. Limit: Good Manufacturing Practice. — Health Canada, List of Permitted Solvents (List 15), item C.3(a) In: Unstandardized flavouring preparations. Purpose: Carrier solvent. Limit: Good Manufacturing Practice. — Health Canada, List of Permitted Solvents (List 15), item C.3(b)	Health Canadaand 8 further provisionsretrieved 2026-10-17
European UnionEuropean Commission / EFSA	Permitted, with conditions	76 food categories highest permitted level 7,500 mg/l Show every food category 1.10 Milk-based drinks and similar products intended for young children* — 7,500 mg/lML = 7500 mg/l. only when sold as powder. 1.3 unflavoured fermented milk products heat-treated after fermentation — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 1.4 flavoured fermented milk products including heat-treated products — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 1.6.3 other creams — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 1.7.1 unripened cheese excluding products falling in category 16Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. except mozzarella. 1.7.5 processed cheese — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML =10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid;E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressedas guanylic acid. 1.7.6 cheese products (excluding products falling in category 16) — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 1.8 Dairy analogues, including beverage whiteners — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 10.2 processed eggs and egg products — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML =10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid;E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressedas guanylic acid. 11.2 Other sugars and syrups — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 12.1.2 salt substitutes — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 12.2.2 Seasonings and condiments — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 12.3 Vinegars and diluted acetic acid (diluted with water to 4-30 % by volume) — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 12.4 Mustard — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 12.5 Soups and broths — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 12.6 Sauces — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 12.7 Salads and savoury-based sandwich spreads — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 12.8 Yeast and yeast products — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 12.9 Protein products excluding products covered in category 1 8 — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 13.1.1 infant formulae as defined by Regulation (EU) No 609/2013 — 7,500 mg/kgML = 7500 mg/kg. only when sold as powder. Note 14: If more than one of the substances E 322, E 471, E 472c and E 473 are added to a foodstuff, the maximum level established for that foodstuff for each of those substances is lowered with that relative part as is present of the other substances together in that foodstuff. 13.1.2 follow-on formulae as defined by by Regulation (EU) No 609/2013 — 7,500 mg/kgML = 7500 mg/kg. only when sold as powder. Note 14: If more than one of the substances E 322, E 471, E 472c and E 473 are added to a foodstuff, the maximum level established for that foodstuff for each of those substances is lowered with that relative part as is present of the other substances together in that foodstuff. 13.1.3 Processed cereal-based foods and baby foods as defined by Regulation (EU) No 609/2013 — 5,000 mg/kgML = 5000 mg/kg. only biscuits and rusks, cereal-based foods, baby foods. Note 22: E 471, E 472a, E 472b and E 472c are authorised individually or in combination. 13.1.5.1 Foods for special medical purposes as defined by Regulation (EU) No 609/2013, intended for infants — 7,500 mg/kgML = 7500 mg/kg. only when sold as powder; From birth onwards. 13.1.5.2 Foods for special medical purposes, as defined by Regulation (EU) No 609/2013, intended for infants as from four months of age and for young children — 7,500 mg/kgML = 7500 mg/kg. only when sold as powder; From birth onwards. 13.2 Foods for special medical purposes as defined by Regulation (EU) No 609/2013 (excluding products from food category 13.1.5.) — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 13.3 Total diet replacement for weight control food as defined by Regulation (EU) No 609/2013 — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 14.1.2 Fruit juices as defined by Directive 2001/112/EC and vegetable juicesPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. only vegetable juices. 14.1.3 Fruit nectars as defined by Directive 2001/112/EC and vegetable nectars and similar productsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. only vegetable nectars, E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 14.1.4 Flavoured_drinksPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E 421, E 953, E 965, E 966 and E 967 may not be used E 968 may not be used except where specifically provided for in this food category. 14.1.5.2 otherPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. excluding unflavoured leaf tea; including flavoured instant coffee; E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used in drinks. 14.2.3 Cider and perryPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 14.2.4 Fruit wine and made winePermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 14.2.5 MeadPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 14.2.6 Spirit drinks as defined in Regulation (EU) 2019/787Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. except whisky or whiskey; E 420, E421, E 953, E 965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used except in liqueurs. 14.2.7.1 Aromatised winesPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 14.2.7.2 Aromatised wine-based drinksPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 14.2.7.3 Aromatised wine-product cocktailsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 14.2.8 Other alcoholic beverages including mixtures of alcoholic beverages with non-alcoholic beverages and other alcoholic beverages based on distilled alcohol with alcoholic strength by volume less than 15 %Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E421, E 953, E 965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 15.1 Potato- cereal- flour- or starch-based snacks — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 15.2 Processed nuts — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 16 Desserts excluding products covered in category 1 3 and 4 — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 17.1 food supplements supplied in a solid form excluding food supplements for infants and young children’,Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 410, E 412, E 415, E 417 and E 425 may not be used to produce dehydrated food supplements intended to rehydrate on ingestion. 17.2 food supplements supplied in a liquid form excluding food supplements for Infants and young children — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 18 Processed foods not covered by categories 1 to 17 — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 18.1 Processed foods not covered by categories 18.2 and 18.3, excluding foods for infants and young children — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 18.2 Meal replacement for weight control as referred to in Commission Regulation (EU) No 432/2012 — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 18.3 Food specially produced to reduce the gluten content of gluten-containing ingredients or substitute the gluten-containing ingredientsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. Including dry pasta. 2.1 fats and oils essentially free from water (excluding anhydrous milk fat) — quantum satisquantum satis. only for cooking and/or frying purposes or for the preparation of gravy, except virgin oils and olive oils. 2.2.2 Other fat and oil emulsions including spreads as defined by Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 and liquid emulsions — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 2.3 Vegetable oil pan spray — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 3 edible ices — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 4.2.1 dried fruit and vegetablesPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 410, E 412, E 415 and E 417 may not be used to produce dehydrated foods intended to rehydrate on ingestion. 4.2.2 fruit and vegetables in vinegar oil or brine — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 4.2.4.1 fruit and vegetable preparations excluding compote — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 4.2.5.4 nut butters and nut spreads — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 4.2.6 processed potato products — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 5.1 Cocoa and chocolate products as covered by Directive 2000/36/EC — quantum satisquantum satis. 5.1 Cocoa and chocolate products as covered by Directive 2000/36/ECPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. only energy-reduced or with no added sugars. 5.2 Other confectionery including breath freshening micro-sweetsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. The substances listed under numbers E 400, E 401, E 402, E 403, E 404, E 406, E 407, 407a, E 410, E 412, E 413, E 414, E 415, E 417, E 418, E 425 and E 440 may not be used in jelly mini-cups, defined, for the purpose of this Regulation, as jelly confectionery of a firm consistence, contained in semi rigid mini-cups or mini-capsules, intended to be ingested in a single bite by exerting pressure on the mini-cups or mini-capsule to project the confectionery into the mouth; E 410, E 412, E 415 E 417 may not be used to produce dehydrated foods intended to rehydrate on ingestion. E425 may not be used in jelly confectionery. 5.3 chewing gum — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 5.4 Decorations, coatings and fillings, except fruit-based fillings covered by category 4.2.4 — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 6.2.2 starches — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 6.3 breakfast cereals — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 6.4.2 Dry pasta — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 6.4.4 Potato GnocchiPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. except fresh refrigerated potato gnocchi. 6.4.5 fillings of stuffed pasta (ravioli and similar) — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 6.5 Noodles — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 6.6 Batters — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 6.7 pre-cooked or processed cereals — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 7.1 Bread and rollsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. except products in 7.1.1 and 7.1.2. 7.2 Fine bakery wares — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 8.3.1 Non-heat-treated processed meat — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 8.3.2 Heat-treated meat productsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. except foie gras, foie gras entier, blocs de foie gras, Libamáj, libamáj egészben, libamáj tömbben. 8.3.3 Casings and coatings and decorations for meat — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 9.2 Processed fish and fishery products including molluscs and crustaceans — several limitsPermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid. 9.3 fish roePermitted as a member of Group I, Additives. only processed fish roe.	Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008and 75 further provisionsretrieved 2026-10-18
Great BritainFood Standards Agency / Food Standards Scotland	Permitted, with conditions	74 food categories highest permitted level 5,000 mg/kg or mg/l Show every food category 1.3 Unflavoured fermented milk products, heat-treated after fermentation — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 1.4 Flavoured fermented milk products including heat-treated products — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 1.6.3 Other creams — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 1.7.1 Unripened cheese excluding products falling in category 16 — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. except mozzarella. 1.7.5 Processed cheese — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 1.7.6 Cheese products (excluding products falling in category 16) — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 1.8 Dairy analogues, including beverage whiteners — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 10.2 Processed eggs and egg products — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 11.2 Other sugars and syrups — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 12.1.2 Salt substitutes — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 12.2.2 Seasonings and condiments — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 12.3 Vinegars and diluted acetic acid (diluted with water to 4-30 % by volume) — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 12.4 Mustard — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 12.5 Soups and broths — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 12.6 Sauces — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 12.7 Salads and savoury based sandwich spreads — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 12.8 Yeast and yeast products — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 12.9 Protein products, excluding products covered in category 1.8 — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 13.1.1 Infant formulae as defined by Commission Directive 2006/141/EC — several limits(1) ML 7500: only when sold as powder; (2) ML 9000: only sold as liquid where the products contain partially hydrolysed proteins, peptides or amino acids. Note (14): If more than one of the substances E 322, E 471, E 472c and E 473 are added to a foodstuff, the maximum level established for that foodstuff for each of those substances is lowered with that relative part as is present of the other substances together in that foodstuff. 13.1.2 Follow-on formulae as defined by Directive 2006/141/EC — several limits(1) ML 7500: only when sold as powder; (2) ML 9000: only when sold as liquid where the products contain partially hydrolysed proteins, peptides or amino acids. Note (14): If more than one of the substances E 322, E 471, E 472c and E 473 are added to a foodstuff, the maximum level established for that foodstuff for each of those substances is lowered with that relative part as is present of the other substances together in that foodstuff. 13.1.3 Processed cereal-based foods and baby foods for infants and young children as defined by Commission Directive 2006/125/EC — 5,000 mg/kg or mg/lML = 5000. only biscuits and rusks, cereal-based foods, baby foods. Note (22): E 471, E 472a, E 472b and E 472c are authorised individually or in combination. 13.1.4 Other foods for young children — several limits(1) ML 7500: only when sold as powder; (2) ML 9000: only when sold as liquid where the products contain partially hydrolysed proteins, peptides or amino acids. Note (14): If more than one of the substances E 322, E 471, E 472c and E 473 are added to a foodstuff, the maximum level established for that foodstuff for each of those substances is lowered with that relative part as is present of the other substances together in that foodstuff. 13.1.5.1 Dietary foods for infants for special medical purposes and special formulae for infants — several limits(1) ML 7500: only when sold as powder; From birth onwards; (2) ML 9000: only when sold as liquid; From birth onwards. 13.1.5.2 Dietary foods for babies and young children for special medical purposes as defined in Directive 1999/21/EC — several limits(1) ML 7500: only when sold as powder; From birth onwards; (2) ML 9000: only when sold as liquid; From birth onwards. 13.2 Dietary foods for special medical purposes defined in Directive 1999/21/EC (excluding products from food category 13.1.5) — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 13.3 Dietary foods for weight control diets intended to replace total daily food intake or an individual meal (the whole or part of the total daily diet) — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 13.4 Foods suitable for people intolerant to gluten as defined by Commission Regulation (EC) No 41/2009 — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. including dry pasta. 14.1.2 Fruit juices as defined by Directive 2001/112/EC and vegetable juices — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. only vegetable juices. 14.1.3 Fruit nectars as defined by Directive 2001/112/EC and vegetable nectars and similar products — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. only vegetable nectars, E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 14.1.4 Flavoured drinks — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. E 420, E 421, E 953, E 965, E 966 and E 967 may not be used E 968 may not be used except where specifically provided for in this food category. 14.1.5.2 Other — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. excluding unflavoured leaf tea; including flavoured instant coffee; E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used in drinks. 14.2.3 Cider and perry — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 14.2.4 Fruit wine and made wine — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 14.2.5 Mead — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 14.2.6 Spirit drinks as defined in Regulation (EC) No 110/2008 — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. except whisky or whiskey; E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used except in liqueurs. 14.2.7.1 Aromatised wines — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 14.2.7.2 Aromatised wine-based drinks — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 14.2.7.3 Aromatised wine-product cocktails — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 14.2.8 Other alcoholic drinks including mixtures of alcoholic drinks with non-alcoholic drinks and spirits with less than 15 % of alcohol — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used. 15.1 Potato-, cereal-, flour- or starch-based snacks — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 15.2 Processed nuts — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 16 Desserts excluding products covered in categories 1, 3 and 4 — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 17.1 Food supplements supplied in a solid form, excluding food supplements for infants and young children — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. E 410, E 412, E 415, E 417 and E 425 may not be used to produce dehydrated food supplements intended to rehydrate on ingestion. 17.2 Food supplements supplied in a liquid form, excluding food supplements for infants and young children — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 18 Processed foods not covered by categories 1 to 17, excluding foods for infants and young children — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 2.1 Fats and oils essentially free from water (excluding anhydrous milkfat) — quantum satisquantum satis. only for cooking and/or frying purposes or for the preparation of gravy, except virgin oils and olive oils. 2.2.2 Other fat and oil emulsions including spreads as defined by Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 and liquid emulsions — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 2.3 Vegetable oil pan spray — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 3 Edible ices — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 4.2.1 Dried fruit and vegetables — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. E 410, E 412, E 415 E 417 may not be used to produce dehydrated foods intended to rehydrate on ingestion. 4.2.2 Fruit and vegetables in vinegar, oil, or brine — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 4.2.4.1 Fruit and vegetable preparations excluding compote — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 4.2.5.4 Nut butters and nut spreads — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 4.2.6 Processed potato products — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 5.1 Cocoa and chocolate products as covered by Directive 2000/36/EC — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. only energy-reduced or with no added sugar. 5.1 Cocoa and chocolate products as covered by Directive 2000/36/EC — quantum satisquantum satis. 5.2 Other confectionery including breath refreshening microsweets — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. The substances listed under numbers E 400, E 401, E 402, E 403, E 404, E 406, E 407, 407a, E 410, E 412, E 413, E 414, E 415, E 417, E 418, E 425 and E 440 may not be used in jelly mini-cups, defined, for the purpose of this Regulation, as jelly confectionery of a firm consistence, contained in semi rigid mini-cups or mini-capsules, intended to be ingested in a single bite by exerting pressure on the mini-cups or mini-capsule to project the confectionery into the mouth; E 410, E 412, E 415 E 417 may not be used to produce dehydrated foods intended to rehydrate on ingestion. E425 may not be used in jelly confectionery. 5.3 Chewing gum — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 5.4 Decorations, coatings and fillings, except fruit based fillings covered by category 4.2.4 — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 6.2.2 Starches — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 6.3 Breakfast cereals — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 6.4.2 Dry pasta — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. only gluten free and/or pasta intended for hypoproteic diets in accordance with Directive 2009/39/EC. 6.4.4 Potato gnocchi — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. except fresh refrigerated potato gnocchi. 6.4.5 Fillings of stuffed pasta (ravioli and similar) — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 6.5 Noodles — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 6.6 Batters — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 6.7 Pre-cooked or processed cereals — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 7.1 Bread and rolls — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. except products in 7.1.1 and 7.1.2. 7.2 Fine bakery wares — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 8.3.1 Non-heat-treated meat products — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 8.3.2 Heat-treated meat products — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. except foie gras, foie gras entier, blocs de foie gras, Libamáj, libamáj egészben, libamáj tömbben. 8.3.3 Casings and coatings and decorations for meat — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 9.2 Processed fish and fishery products including mollusks and crustaceans — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. 9.3 Fish roe — quantum satisPermitted as a member of Group I. quantum satis. only processed fish roe.	Assimilated Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008and 73 further provisionsretrieved 2026-10-18
JapanConsumer Affairs Agency	No listing matchedThis site imports only Japan’s list of designated additives (Appended Table 1 to the Regulations for Enforcement of the Food Sanitation Act), matched by English name. Existing additives, natural flavouring agents and ordinary foods used as additives are permitted outside that list and are not imported, so an empty row does not show that Japan does not permit the substance.
South KoreaMinistry of Food and Drug Safety	No listing matchedThis site imports Part III of South Korea’s Standards and Specifications for Food Additives, matched by CAS number, then INS number, then exact name. Mixed preparations and sanitisers are not imported, and an entry whose identifiers disagreed with a page’s is held for review, so an empty row does not show that South Korea does not permit the substance.
United StatesFood and Drug Administration	Not listedDoes not appear on this jurisdiction’s permitted list. That is not the same as being prohibited.
Codex AlimentariusCodex Alimentarius Commission / JECFA	Permitted, with conditions	25 food categories highest permitted level 9,000 mg/kg Show every food category and its notes 01.1.2 Other Fluid Milk (plain) — GMP Note 407 Excluding all fluid milks that are not mineral or vitamin fortified. 01.2.1.1 Fermented milks (plain), not heat-treated after fermentation — GMP Note 234 For use as a stabilizer or thickener only. Note 235 For use in reconstituted and recombined products conforming to the Standard for Fermented Milks (CXS 243-2003) only. Note 634 For use in products conforming to the Standard for Fermented Milks (CXS243-2003) only. 01.2.1.2 Fermented milks (plain), heat-treated after fermentation — GMP Note 234 For use as a stabilizer or thickener only. 01.2.2 Renneted milk (plain) — GMP 01.4.1 Pasteurized cream (plain) — GMP Note XS288 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Cream and Prepared Creams (CXS 288-1976) 01.4.2 Sterilized and UHT creams, whipping and whipped creams, and reduced fat creams (plain) — GMP 02.1.2 Vegetable oils and fats — 100 mg/kg Note 511 Excluding virgin and cold pressed oils in products conforming to the Standard for Edible Fats and Oils not Covered by Individual Standards (CXS 19-1981) and the Standard for Named Vegetable Oils (CXS 210-1999). Note 520 Except for use in products conforming to the Standard for Edible Fats and Oils not Covered by Individual Standards (CXS 19-1981), the Standard for Named Vegetable Oils (CXS 210-1999), singly or in combination: isopropyl citrates (INS 384) and citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol (INS 472c) at 100 mg/kg. Note XS33 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Olive Oils and Olive Pomace Oils (CODEX STAN 33-1981). Note XS325R Excluding products conforming to the Regional Standard for Unrefined Shea Butter (CXS 325R-2017). 02.1.3 Lard, tallow, fish oil, and other animal fats — 100 mg/kg Note 521 For use in products conforming to the Standard for Edible Fats and Oils not Covered by Individual Standards (CXS 19-1981) and the Standard for Named Animal Fats (CXS 211-1999), singly or in combination: isopropyl citrates (INS 384) and citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol (INS 472c) at 100 mg/kg. 04.2.2.7 Fermented vegetable (including mushrooms and fungi, roots and tubers, pulses and legumes, and aloe vera) and seaweed products, excluding fermented soybean products of food categories 06.8.6, 06.8.7, 12.9.1, — GMP Note XS294 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Gochujang (CXS 294-2009). 06.4.1 Fresh pastas and noodles and like products — GMP Note 211 For use in noodles only. 08.1.1 Fresh meat, poultry and game, whole pieces or cuts — GMP Note 16 For use in glaze, coatings or decorations for fruit, vegetables, meat or fish only. Note 326 For use in fresh meat, poultry and game products only. 08.1.2 Fresh meat, poultry and game, comminuted — GMP Note 281 For use in fresh minced meat which contains other ingredients apart from comminuted meat only. 09.1.2 Fresh molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — GMP Note 390 For use as an antioxidant for non-standardized food and for raw chilled shucked mollusks conforming to the Standard for Live and Raw Bivalve Molluscs (CODEX STAN 292-2008). Note XS312 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Live Abalone and for Raw Fresh Chilled or Frozen Abalone for Direct Consumption or for Further Processing (CODEX STAN 312-2013). Note XS315 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Fresh and Quick Frozen Raw Scallop Products (CODEX STAN 315-2014). 09.2.1 Frozen fish, fish fillets, and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — GMP Note 392 For non-standardized food and for products conforming to the Standard for Live and Raw Bivalve Molluscs (CODEX STAN 292-2008): for use as an antioxidant for raw frozen molluscs. Note XS36 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Quick Frozen Finfish, Uneviscerated and Eviscerated (CODEX STAN 36-1981). Note XS92 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Quick Frozen Shrimps and Prawns (CODEX STAN 92-1981). Note XS95 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Quick Frozen Lobsters (CODEX STAN 95-1981). Note XS165 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Quick Frozen Blocks of Fish Fillet, Minced Fish Flesh and Mixtures of Fillets and Minced Fish Flesh (CODEX STAN 165-1989). Note XS190 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Quick Frozen Fish Fillets (CODEX STAN 190-1995). Note XS191 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Quick Frozen Raw Squid (CODEX STAN 191-1995). Note XS312 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Live Abalone and for Raw Fresh Chilled or Frozen Abalone for Direct Consumption or for Further Processing (CODEX STAN 312-2013). Note XS315 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Fresh and Quick Frozen Raw Scallop Products (CODEX STAN 315-2014). 09.2.2 Frozen battered fish, fish fillets and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — GMP Note 16 For use in glaze, coatings or decorations for fruit, vegetables, meat or fish only. Note XS166 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Quick Frozen Fish Sticks (Fish Fingers), Fish Portions and Fish Fillets – Breaded or in Batter (CODEX STAN 166-1989). 09.2.3 Frozen minced and creamed fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — GMP Note 16 For use in glaze, coatings or decorations for fruit, vegetables, meat or fish only. 09.2.4.1 Cooked fish and fish products — GMP Note 241 For use in surimi products only. 09.2.4.3 Fried fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — GMP Note 41 For use in breading or batter coatings only. 09.2.5 Smoked, dried, fermented, and/or salted fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — GMP Note 300 For use in salted squid only. Note XS167 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Salted Fish and Dried Salted Fish of the Gadidae Family of Fishes (CODEX STAN 167-1989). Note XS189 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Dried Shark Fins (CODEX STAN 189-1993). Note XS222 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Crackers from Marine and Freshwater Fish, Crustaceans and Molluscan Shellfish (CODEX STAN 222-2001). Note XS236 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Boiled Dried Salted Anchovies (CODEX STAN 236-2003). Note XS244 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Salted Atlantic Herring and Salted Sprat (CODEX STAN 244-2004). Note XS311 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Smoked Fish, Smoked-flavoured Fish and Smoke-dried Fish (CODEX STAN 311-2013). 11.4 Other sugars and syrups (e.g. xylose, maple syrup, sugar toppings) — GMP Note 258 Excluding maple syrup. 12.1.2 Salt substitutes — GMP 13.1.1 Infant formulae — 9,000 mg/kg Note 380 Except for use in powdered infant formula at 7,500 mg/kg. Note 551 Maximum use level is expressed as mg additive/L of food. 13.1.3 Formulae for special medical purposes for infants — 9,000 mg/kg Note 380 Except for use in powdered infant formula at 7,500 mg/kg. Note 551 Maximum use level is expressed as mg additive/L of food. 13.2 Complementary foods for infants and young children — 5,000 mg/kg Note 268 Singly or in combination: INS 471, 472a, 472b and 472c in products conforming to the Standard for Processed Cereal-Based Foods for Infants and Young Children (CODEX STAN 74-1981). Note XS73 Excluding products conforming to the Standard for Canned Baby Foods (CODEX STAN 73-1981). 14.1.5 Coffee, coffee substitutes, tea, herbal infusions, and other hot cereal and grain beverages, excluding cocoa — GMP Note 160 For use in ready-to-drink products and pre-mixes for ready-to-drink products only.	CXS 192-1995 Table Three, INS 472cand 25 further provisionsretrieved 2026-09-07

How much is permitted

A listing usually limits the quantity as well as the food. Only one of the forms that takes is a figure: quantum satis and good manufacturing practice permit the amount the technological effect requires and no more, which is a limit rather than the absence of one. Figures below are the range across every food category this page is listed in, and categories differ between regulators — see how much is permitted.

Australia and New Zealand	7,500 mg/kg – 9,000 mg/kg	2 numeric limit, 54 GMP
Canada	—	7 GMP, 2 no quantity stated
European Union	5,000 mg/kg – 7,500 mg/kg	6 numeric limit, 46 several limits, 2 quantum satis, 22 no quantity stated
Great Britain	5,000 mg/kg	1 numeric limit, 5 several limits, 68 quantum satis
Codex Alimentarius	100 mg/kg – 9,000 mg/kg	5 numeric limit, 21 GMP

What FDA’s inventory records

This page holds no listing for Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol in the parts of 21 CFR this site reads. FDA’s Substances Added to Food inventory does carry it, as CITRIC AND FATTY ACID ESTERS OF GLYCEROL, pointing at a flavour industry number, with no 21 CFR citation, and FEMA number 4307.

Technical effects FDA records: flavoring agent or adjuvant.

The inventory is an information resource: a row means FDA holds information about the substance’s use in food, not that the substance is listed for that use. It is shown apart from the permissions above and is not counted as a US permission anywhere on this site.

GRAS notices to the FDA

A GRAS notice is a company’s conclusion that a substance is generally recognised as safe for the use it describes. FDA’s letter responds to that conclusion, for that notifier and that use. It is not a listing in 21 CFR, and it is not counted as a US permission above. The substance and use are as FDA’s inventory words them; this site matched the notice to this page by exact name.

GRN No. 899 · Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides · Hogan Lovells US LLP
Intended use: Intended for use as an emulsifier in exempt infant formula at a maximum level of 233 mg per 100 mL of formula.
FDA’s response (2020-10-30): FDA has no questions
GRN No. 511 · Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides · Nestle Nutrition U.S.
Intended use: As an antioxidant, emulsifier, stabilizer and thickener in infant formula at levels described in the notice.
FDA’s response (2014-11-10): FDA has no questions
GRN No. 222 · Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides · Laboratorios Miret S.A. (LAMIRSA)
Intended use: As an emulsifier in combination with lauramide ethyl ester in food in general, including meat and poultry
FDA’s response (2007-12-20): FDA has no questions

What it is made from

Made by esterifying mono- and diglycerides with citric acid. The fat source may be plant or animal and is rarely declared.

Vegan status depends on the source
Vegetarian status depends on the source
May raise a halal question
May raise a kosher question

This is not an omission. What this additive is made from is not fixed — depending on the manufacturer it may be plant, animal or microbial in origin, nobody is required to say which, and the same product can change source between production runs. Ask the manufacturer if it matters to you; a label cannot answer it.

Compare other additives on the dietary indexes.

CAS registry number: 97593-31-2

The two specifications, compared

The European Union sets identity and purity by regulation; JECFA publishes its own through FAO, advisory until a country adopts it. Both documents are below in full. These are the parameters each puts a number on.

Parameter	European Union	JECFA
Sulphated ash	no more than 0.5 %	no more than 0.5 %
Lead	no more than 2 mg/kg	no more than 2 mg/kg

The two documents state the same figures for every parameter compared here.

How the EU defines it

The legal specification an additive must meet to be sold as this E number in the EU — what it is, how it may be made, and the purity it must reach. From Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012.

E 472c Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids

Esters of glycerol with citric acid and fatty acids occurring in food oils and fats. They may contain small amounts of free glycerol, free fatty acids, free citric acid and free glycerides. They may be partially or wholly neutralised with sodium, potassium or calcium salts suitable for the purpose and authorised as food additives according to this Regulation.

Synonyms: Citrem; Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides; Citroglycerides; Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids esterified with citric acid

Assay, identification and purity criteria

Description and assay

Description: Yellowish or light brown liquids to waxy solids or semi-solids

Identification

Test for glycerol: Passes test
Test for fatty acids: Passes test
Test for citric acid: Passes test
Solubility: Insoluble in cold water, dispersible in hot water, soluble in oils and fats, insoluble in cold ethanol

Purity criteria

Acids other than citric and fatty acids: Less than 1 %
Free glycerol: Not more than 2 %
Total glycerol: Not less than 8 % and not more than 33 %
Total citric acid: Not less than 13 % and not more than 50 %
Sulphated ash: Non-neutralised products: not more than 0,5 % (800 ± 25 °C) Partially or wholly neutralised products: not more than 10 % (800 ± 25 °C)
Lead: Not more than 2 mg/kg
Acid value: Not more than 130

Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012, Annex, E 472c

How JECFA defines it

The international specification for identity and purity, prepared by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and published by FAO. It is a different document from any above, written by a different body and revised on its own cycle; it is advisory, and a country adopts it or does not.

INS 472c Citric and Fatty Acid Esters of Glycerol (Tentative)

Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol (CITREM) consists of mixed esters of citric acid and edible fatty acids with glycerol. CITREM is obtained by esterification of glycerol with citric acid and edible fatty acids, or by reaction of a mixture of mono- and diglycerides of edible fatty acids with citric acid. It may contain minor amounts of free fatty acids, free glycerol, free citric acid and mono- and diglycerides. The mono- and diglycerides may include either one or two edible fatty acids from C12:0 to C18:0, mainly palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids. It may also contain minor amounts of other fatty acids such as myristic (C14:0), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2) and arachidic acid (C20:4). CITREM may be partially or wholly neutralized with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide or by using sodium, potassium or calcium salts of weak acids such as acetic, lactic, propionic or carbonic acids.

Synonyms: Citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides, citroglycerides, CITREM; INS No. 472c CITREM; Citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides; Citroglycerides

Assay, identification and purity criteria

Description and assay

Specification history: CITRIC and FATTY ACID ESTERS of GLYCEROL Prepared at the 87th JECFA (2019) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 23 (2019), superseding specifications prepared at the 86 th JECFA (2018) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 22 (2018). An ADI 'not limited' was established at the 17th JECFA (1973) .
Structural formula: Where at least one of R 1 , R 2 or R 3 represents a citric acid moiety, one represents a fatty acid moiety and the remainder may represent citric acid, fatty acid or hydrogen.
DESCRIPTION: White to ivory coloured, oily to waxy material.
FUNCTIONAL USES: Stabilizer, emulsifier, dough conditioner, antioxidant synergist.

Identification

Solubility (Vol. 4): Insoluble in water; soluble in oils and fats; insoluble in ethanol.
Test for fatty acids (Vol. 4): Passes test
Test for citric acid (Vol. 4) Test for glycerol: Passes test Passes test

Purity criteria

Sulfated ash (Vol. 4): Non-neutralized products: not more than 0.5% Partially neutralized products: not more than 3% Wholly neutralized products: not more than 10% Test 2 g of the sample (Method I).
Free glycerol (Vol. 4): Not more than 4%
Total glycerol: 8-33% See description under TESTS
Total citric acid: 13-50% See description under TESTS
Total fatty acid: 37-81% See description under TESTS
Lead (Vol. 4): Not more than 2 mg/kg. (Not more than 0.5 mg/kg for use in infant formula and formula for special medical purposes intended for infants). Determine using a method appropriate to the specified level. The selection of sample size and method of sample preparation may be based on the principles of the methods described in Volume 4 (under “General Methods, Metallic Impurities”).
Test: Total glycerol: Total glycerol, after hydrolysis with KOH, is determined by HPLC (Vol. 4) Equipment and Reagents: HPLC consisting of a Refractive Index (RI) detector, autosampler and column thermostat. Column: Aquasil C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm x 5 μm) or equivalent Glycerol standard: > 99.5% Phosphoric acid: 85% Potassium hydroxide: reagent grade Potassium dihydrogen phosphate: reagent grade Methanol, acetonitrile and water: HPLC grade Preparation of standard solutions: Prepare five solutions of glycerol by weighing 20 – 100 mg, to the nearest 0.01 mg, dissolving in water and making up to 100 ml in separate volumetric flasks. Sample preparation: Weigh, to the nearest 0.01 mg, about 50 mg of sample into a 25 ml screw cap vial. Add 2 ml of methanolic KOH (0.5 mol/l, prepared by weighing 33 g KOH into a 1-liter volumetric flask and diluting to volume with methanol). Hydrolyze for 2 hours in a heating block at 110º. Allow to cool, add 20 ml of dilute phosphoric acid (prepared by dissolving 5 ml phosphoric acid in 1 l of water) and shake well. Remove 500 μl of the aqueous phase and filter through 0.45 μm membrane filter for HPLC analysis. Procedure: Mobile phase: Dissolve 6.8 g KH 2 O 4 in a 1 l volumetric flask with water, add 5 ml phosphoric acid (85%) and make up to volume with water. Column temperature: 35º RI detector temperature: 35º Flow rate: 1.0 ml/min Injection volume: 10 μl Inject separately 10 μl of each standard solution and construct the standard curve. The retention time for glycerol is about 2.6 min. Inject 10 μl sample solution and calculate the percentage of glycerol in the sample as below: Calculation Determine the content of glycerol using the standard curve. Calculate the total glycerol by the following equation. Total glycerol, %w/w = (CU (mg/ml) * 22 (ml)* 100) / W W = weight of sample, mg CU = concentration of glycerol determined from the standard curve (mg/ml).
Test: Total citric acid: Total citric acid after hydrolysis is determined by HPLC. Equipment and Reagents: HPLC consisting of an Ultraviolet (UV) detector, autosampler and a column thermostat. Column: Synergi 4 μm Hydro RP 80 A (4.6 mm x 250 mm) or equivalent. Citric acid standard: > 99.5% Phosphoric acid: 85% Potassium hydroxide: reagent grade Methanol, acetonitrile, KH 2 PO 4 and water: HPLC grade Preparation of standard solutions: Prepare six solutions of citric acid by weighing 10-85 mg, to the nearest 0.01 mg, dissolving in neutralization solution (5 ml phosphoric acid, 85% in 1 l of HPLC water) and making up to 100 ml in separate volumetric flasks. Sample preparation: Weigh to the nearest 0.01 mg about 50 mg of sample into a 25 ml screw cap vial. Add 2 ml of methanolic KOH 0.5 mol/l (prepared by weighing 33 g KOH into a 1-liter volumetric flask and making to volume with methanol). Hydrolyze for 2 h in a heating block at 110º. Allow to cool, add 20 ml of dilute phosphoric acid (prepared by dissolving 5 ml phosphoric acid, in 1 l of water) and shake well. Filter 500 μl of the aqueous phase through a 0.45 μm membrane filter. Procedure: Mobile phase: Dissolve 6.8 g KH 2 PO 4 in a 1 l volumetric flask with water, add 5 ml phosphoric acid (85%) and make up to volume with water. Colum temperature: 25º UV detector at 205 nm Flow rate: 1.0 ml/min Injection volume: 20 μl Inject separately 10 μl of each standard solution and construct the standard curve. The retention time of citric acid is about 6.9 min. Inject 10 μl of sample solution and calculate the percentage of citric acid in the sample as below: Calculation Determine the content of citric acid using the standard curve. Calculate the total citric acid by the following equation. Total Citric acid, %w/w= (CU (mg/ml) * 22 (ml)* 100%) / W W = weight of the sample, mg CU = concentration of the citric acid determined from the standard curve (mg/ml)
Test: Total fatty acid: Principle: This method measures total fatty acids by extracting with diethyl ether. Procedure Weigh accurately 5.000 g of the sample into a 250-ml round-bottomed flask, add 50 ml of potassium hydroxide, ethanolic, TS, and reflux for 1 h on a water bath. Quantitatively transfer the content of the saponification flask to a 1,000-ml separating funnel, using three 25-ml portions of water, and add 5 drops of methyl orange indicator solution. Cautiously add 50% hydrochloric acid until the colour of solution changes to a red methyl orange end point. Add 1 ml of excess acid after the end point is reached. Shake well to mix the contents and separate the fatty acids. Cool to room temperature and extract the separated fatty acids with three 100-ml portions of diethyl ether. Combine the extracts, and wash with 50-ml portions of 10% sodium chloride solution until the washed sodium chloride solution becomes neutral. Dry the ether solution with anhydrous sodium sulfate. Then evaporate off ether on a steam bath, leave additional 10 min on the steam bath, and weigh the residue. This is the weight of the total fatty acids. Calculation: Total Fatty acids, % = mass of fatty acids, g x 100 mass of sample, g

FAO JECFA Monograph 23 (2019)

Authorised in other additives, enzymes, flavourings and nutrients

These authorisations are not for use in food. They let this substance be used inside another additive, a food enzyme, a flavouring or a nutrient preparation — often as a carrier — and it reaches food only as part of that product. Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008.

Part	May be used in	Maximum level	Citation
Annex III, Part 1: Carriers in food additives	Colours and fat-soluble antioxidants	quantum satis	Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008, Annex III, Part 1
Annex III, Part 2: Food additives other than carriers in food additives	All food additive preparationsAuthorised as a member of Table 1 of Part 6, listed as "Table 1" Note (1): Except enzymes authorised as food additives.	quantum satis	Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008, Annex III, Part 2, via Table 1 of Part 6
Annex III, Part 3: Food additives including carriers in food enzymes	Food enzymesCan be used as a carrier: Yes Note (1): Including enzymes authorised as food additives.	In enzyme preparation: quantum satis In final food except beverages: quantum satis In beverages: quantum satis	Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008, Annex III, Part 3
Annex III, Part 4: Food additives including carriers in food flavourings	All flavouringsAuthorised as a member of Table 1 of Part 6, listed as "Table 1"	quantum satis	Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008, Annex III, Part 4, via Table 1 of Part 6
Annex III, Part 5, Section A: Food additives added in nutrients except in nutrients intended to be used in foodstuffs listed in Part E, point 01.10, of Annex II and foodstuffs for infants and young children listed in Part E, point 13.1, of Annex II	All nutrientsCan be used as a carrier: Yes	quantum satis	Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008, Annex III, Part 5, Section A
Annex III, Part 5, Section B: Food additives added in nutrients intended to be used in foodstuffs listed in Part E, point 01.10, of Annex II and foodstuffs for infants and young children listed in Part E, point 13.1, of Annex II	All nutrients (food category: Infant formulae and follow-on formulae for infants and young children in good health)	For uses in nutrient preparations under the condition that the maximum level in foods mentioned in Part E, points 01.10 and 13.1, of Annex II is not exceeded	Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008, Annex III, Part 5, Section B

Every name it appears under

37 recorded names. A label may use any of them.

E number

E472c

INS number

472c

As it appears in regulation

Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids

Other names

Citrem
Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides
Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
CITRIC AND FATTY ACID ESTERS OF GLYCEROL
Citroglycerides
E 472c
Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids esterified with citric acid

Hazard reference values

EFSA and JECFA have both assessed Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol and their conclusions are not two comparable figures — EFSA records not allocated, JECFA not specified. An acceptable daily intake is a reference value set by a committee, not a threshold above which harm begins. “Not specified”, “not limited” and “not allocated” are conclusions, not missing data, and they are shown in the words each body used rather than reduced to a number. See where the two committees differ.

Values set by assessing bodies. A body that has not set a value is not listed here.
Type	Value	Population	Assessed by	Opinion
ADI	not allocated	consumers	EFSA FAF	2025
ADI	not specified	—	JECFA	2014

Evidence and how bodies read it

What assessing bodies concluded

Each conclusion is paraphrased in the body's own framing, from the published opinion linked beneath it. Where bodies differ, both stand; this site does not adjudicate between them or add a view of its own.

EFSA 2025
In a follow-up covering infants below 16 weeks, the FAF Panel concluded that there is no safety concern from citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids (E 472c) in infant formula and special medical foods at reported and maximum permitted levels, and that technical data support amending the specifications.
Source document
EFSA 2020
The FAF Panel concluded that the esters of mono- and diglycerides with acetic, lactic, citric and tartaric acids (E 472a–f) are extensively hydrolysed to normal dietary constituents, that no numerical ADI is needed for E 472a–c, and set ADIs for E 472d–f based on the tartaric acid group ADI. It concluded there is no safety concern at reported uses and use levels, and said only L(+)-tartaric acid should be used to manufacture E 472d–f.
Source document

Common questions

Assembled from what is above, in the words the questions are usually asked in. Each answer is the same statement the relevant section makes, with the same citations behind it.

What is E 472c?: E 472c is Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol. These are mono- and diglycerides esterified with citric acid, used in margarine, sausages and baked goods, and as an antioxidant synergist in frying oils.
What is Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol used for in food?: It is listed as an emulsifier and a stabiliser — the role Canada and Codex assign it. This page shows every function each regulator records, with the citation for each.
Where is Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol permitted?: Of the seven regulators this site reads, Australia and New Zealand, Canada, the EU, Great Britain and the Codex standard permit it. Each permission is for named foods at named levels, not a blanket one; the table on this page gives them with citations.
Is Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol vegan?: It depends on the source, and a label will not tell you. Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol can be made from plant or animal material, manufacturers are not obliged to say which, and the same product can change between production runs. Anyone who needs to know has to ask the manufacturer.

Sources for this page

anz retrieved 2026-10-17
ca retrieved 2026-10-17
eu retrieved 2026-10-18
gb retrieved 2026-10-18
gsfa retrieved 2026-09-07
euspecs retrieved 2026-10-18
jecfaspecs retrieved 2026-09-23

Full licence terms and publisher details on Sources. How this page is built and updated: Method.

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