Sorbitol

E number E420INS 420(i)CAS 50-70-4

Listed as a sweetener by Canada, Codex, the EU and the US.

Listed as sweeteners (CA, EU, US, Codex) · thickeners (US, Codex) · stabilisers (US, Codex) · humectants (US, Codex) · sequestrants (US, Codex) · colours (US) · emulsifiers (US) · acidity regulators (US) · anticaking agents (US) · glazing and surface-finishing agents (US) · firming agents (US) · bulking agents (Codex) · curing and pickling agents (US) · nutrient supplements (US) · flavouring agents and adjuvants (US) · texturisers (US) · formulation aids (US) · lubricants and release agents (US) · solvents and vehicles (US)
Chemical structure of Sorbitol, from PubChem compound 5780
Structure from PubChem CID 5780 (National Library of Medicine, public domain). A depiction of one compound: where a listing covers a family, or a substance has no single structure, this page shows none.

Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol about half as sweet as sugar, used in sugar-free confectionery, chewing gum and baked goods. Like the other polyols it is incompletely absorbed, and foods containing much of it carry a laxative-effect declaration in many jurisdictions.

Where it is and isn’t permitted

Status of Sorbitol by jurisdiction. Every jurisdiction this site covers is listed, including those where the substance does not appear.
JurisdictionStatusScope and limitsCitation
Australia and New ZealandFood Standards Australia New ZealandPermitted, with conditions

54 food categories

no numerical limit (good manufacturing practice)

Show every food category
  • 0 Preparations of food additives — GMP
  • 1.1.1 Liquid milk (including buttermilk) — GMPOnly UHT goats milk.
  • 1.1.2 Liquid milk products and flavoured liquid milk — GMP
  • 1.2.2 Fermented milk products and rennetted milk products — GMP
  • 1.3 Condensed milk and evaporated milk — GMP
  • 1.4.1 Cream, reduced cream and light cream — GMPOnly UHT creams and creams receiving equivalent or greater heat treatments.
  • 1.4.2 Cream products (flavoured, whipped, thickened, sour cream etc) — GMP
  • 1.5 Dried milk, milk powder, cream powder — GMP
  • 1.6 Cheese and cheese products — GMP
  • 10.2 Liquid egg products — GMP
  • 10.3 Frozen egg products — GMP
  • 10.4 Dried or heat coagulated egg products — GMP
  • 11.1.1 Rainbow sugar — GMP
  • 11.3.1 Dried honey — GMP
  • 11.4 Tabletop sweeteners — GMP
  • 12.1.2 Reduced sodium salt mixture — GMP
  • 12.1.3 Salt substitute — GMP
  • 12.5 Yeast and yeast products — GMP
  • 12.6 Vegetable protein products — GMP
  • 13.3 Formulated meal replacements and formulated supplementary foods — GMP
  • 13.4 Formulated supplementary sports foods — GMP
  • 13.5 Food for special medical purposes — GMP
  • 14.1.1.2 Carbonated, mineralised and soda waters — GMP
  • 14.1.2.1 Fruit and vegetable juices — GMPFor juice separated by other than mechanical means only.
  • 14.1.2.2 Fruit and vegetable juice products — GMP
  • 14.1.3 Water based flavoured drinks — GMP
  • 14.1.4 Formulated Beverages — GMP
  • 14.1.5 Coffee, coffee substitutes, tea, herbal infusions and similar products — GMP
  • 14.2.3 Wine based drinks and reduced alcohol wines — GMP
  • 14.2.4.1 Fruit wine products and vegetable wine products — GMP
  • 14.2.5 Spirits and liqueurs — GMP
  • 14.3 Alcoholic beverages not included in item 14.2 — GMP
  • 2.1 Edible oils essentially free of water — GMP
  • 2.2.1.2 Butter products — GMP
  • 2.2.1.3 Margarine and similar products — GMP
  • 2.2.2 Oil emulsions (<80% oil) — GMP
  • 20 Foods not included in items 0 to 14 — GMP
  • 3 Ice cream and edible ices — GMP
  • 4.1.3 Fruits and vegetables that are peeled, cut, or both peeled and cut — GMP
  • 4.3 Processed fruits and vegetables — GMP
  • 5.1 Chocolate and cocoa products — GMP
  • 5.2 Sugar confectionery — GMP
  • 5.4 Icings and frostings — GMP
  • 6.3 Processed cereal and meal products — GMP
  • 6.4 Flour products (including noodles and pasta) — GMP
  • 7 Breads and bakery products — GMP
  • 8.2 Processed meat, poultry and game products in whole cuts or pieces — GMP
  • 8.3 Processed comminuted meat, poultry and game products, other than products listed in item 8.3.2 — GMP
  • 8.3.2 Sausage and sausage meat containing raw, unprocessed meat — GMP
  • 8.4 Edible casings — GMP
  • 8.5 Animal protein products — GMP
  • 9.2 Processed fish and fish products — GMP
  • 9.3 Semi preserved fish and fish products — GMP
  • 9.4 Fully preserved fish including canned fish products — GMP
Food Standards Code, Schedule 15, S15—5and 53 further provisionsretrieved 2026-10-17
CanadaHealth CanadaPermitted, with conditions

highest permitted level 6 %

2 permitted uses

Show every permitted use
  • In: Blend of prepared fish and prepared meat as set out in paragraph 18.1.3(g) of Volume 18 of the Food Compositional Standards Document. Purpose: Sweetener. Limit: 6.0%. Amendment notices: NOM/ADM-0122. — Health Canada, List of Permitted Sweeteners (List 9), item S.3(a)
  • In: Unstandardized foods. Purpose: Sweetener. Limit: Good Manufacturing Practice. — Health Canada, List of Permitted Sweeteners (List 9), item S.3(b)
Health Canada, List of Permitted Sweeteners (List 9)and 1 further provisionretrieved 2026-10-17
European UnionEuropean Commission / EFSAPermitted, with conditions

94 food categories

Show every food category
  • 1.3 unflavoured fermented milk products heat-treated after fermentation — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 1.4 flavoured fermented milk products including heat-treated products — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 1.4 flavoured fermented milk products including heat-treated products — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced products or with no added sugar.
  • 1.6.3 other creams — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 1.7.1 unripened cheese excluding products falling in category 16Authorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. except mozzarella.
  • 1.7.5 processed cheese — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML =10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid;E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressedas guanylic acid.
  • 1.7.6 cheese products (excluding products falling in category 16) — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 1.8 Dairy analogues, including beverage whiteners — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 10.2 processed eggs and egg products — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML =10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid;E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressedas guanylic acid.
  • 11.2 Other sugars and syrups — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 11.4.1 table-top sweeteners in liquid form — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 11.4.2 table-top sweeteners in powder form — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 11.4.3 table-top sweeteners in tablets — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 12.1.2 salt substitutes — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 12.2.2 Seasonings and condiments — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 12.3 Vinegars and diluted acetic acid (diluted with water to 4-30 % by volume) — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 12.4 Mustard — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 12.4 Mustard — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 12.5 Soups and broths — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 12.6 Sauces — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 12.6 Sauces — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 12.7 Salads and savoury-based sandwich spreads — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 12.8 Yeast and yeast products — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 12.9 Protein products excluding products covered in category 1 8 — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 13.2 Foods for special medical purposes as defined by Regulation (EU) No 609/2013 (excluding products from food category 13.1.5.) — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 13.2 Foods for special medical purposes as defined by Regulation (EU) No 609/2013 (excluding products from food category 13.1.5.) — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 13.3 Total diet replacement for weight control food as defined by Regulation (EU) No 609/2013 — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 13.3 Total diet replacement for weight control food as defined by Regulation (EU) No 609/2013 — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 14.1.2 Fruit juices as defined by Directive 2001/112/EC and vegetable juicesAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. only vegetable juices.
  • 14.1.3 Fruit nectars as defined by Directive 2001/112/EC and vegetable nectars and similar productsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. only vegetable nectars, E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 14.1.4 Flavoured_drinksAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E 421, E 953, E 965, E 966 and E 967 may not be used E 968 may not be used except where specifically provided for in this food category.
  • 14.1.5.2 otherAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. excluding unflavoured leaf tea; including flavoured instant coffee; E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used in drinks.
  • 14.2.3 Cider and perryAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 14.2.4 Fruit wine and made wineAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 14.2.5 MeadAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 14.2.6 Spirit drinks as defined in Regulation (EU) 2019/787Authorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. except whisky or whiskey; E 420, E421, E 953, E 965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used except in liqueurs.
  • 14.2.7.1 Aromatised winesAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 14.2.7.2 Aromatised wine-based drinksAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 14.2.7.3 Aromatised wine-product cocktailsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 14.2.8 Other alcoholic beverages including mixtures of alcoholic beverages with non-alcoholic beverages and other alcoholic beverages based on distilled alcohol with alcoholic strength by volume less than 15 %Authorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 420, E421, E 953, E 965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 15.1 Potato- cereal- flour- or starch-based snacks — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 15.2 Processed nuts — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 16 Desserts excluding products covered in category 1 3 and 4 — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 16 Desserts excluding products covered in category 1 3 and 4 — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 17.1 food supplements supplied in a solid form excluding food supplements for infants and young children’,Authorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 410, E 412, E 415, E 417 and E 425 may not be used to produce dehydrated food supplements intended to rehydrate on ingestion.
  • 17.1 food supplements supplied in a solid form excluding food supplements for infants and young children’, — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 17.2 food supplements supplied in a liquid form excluding food supplements for Infants and young children — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 17.2 food supplements supplied in a liquid form excluding food supplements for Infants and young children — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 18 Processed foods not covered by categories 1 to 17 — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 18.1 Processed foods not covered by categories 18.2 and 18.3, excluding foods for infants and young children — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 18.2 Meal replacement for weight control as referred to in Commission Regulation (EU) No 432/2012 — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 18.2 Meal replacement for weight control as referred to in Commission Regulation (EU) No 432/2012 — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 18.3 Food specially produced to reduce the gluten content of gluten-containing ingredients or substitute the gluten-containing ingredientsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. Including dry pasta.
  • 18.3 Food specially produced to reduce the gluten content of gluten-containing ingredients or substitute the gluten-containing ingredients — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 2.2.2 Other fat and oil emulsions including spreads as defined by Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 and liquid emulsions — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 2.3 Vegetable oil pan spray — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 3 edible ices — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 3 edible ices — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 4.2.1 dried fruit and vegetablesAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. E 410, E 412, E 415 and E 417 may not be used to produce dehydrated foods intended to rehydrate on ingestion.
  • 4.2.2 fruit and vegetables in vinegar oil or brine — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 4.2.4.1 fruit and vegetable preparations excluding compote — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 4.2.4.1 fruit and vegetable preparations excluding compote — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced or with no added sugar, with the exception of those intended for the manufacture of fruit-juice based drinks.
  • 4.2.5.1 Extra jam and extra jelly as defined by Directive 2001/113/EC — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced jams, jellies, marmalades or with no added sugar.
  • 4.2.5.2 Jam, jellies and marmalades and sweetened chestnut puree as defined by Directive 2001/113/EC — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 4.2.5.3 other similar fruit or vegetable spreads — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 4.2.5.4 nut butters and nut spreads — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 4.2.6 processed potato products — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 5.1 Cocoa and chocolate products as covered by Directive 2000/36/ECAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. only energy-reduced or with no added sugars.
  • 5.1 Cocoa and chocolate products as covered by Directive 2000/36/EC — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 5.2 Other confectionery including breath freshening micro-sweetsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. The substances listed under numbers E 400, E 401, E 402, E 403, E 404, E 406, E 407, 407a, E 410, E 412, E 413, E 414, E 415, E 417, E 418, E 425 and E 440 may not be used in jelly mini-cups, defined, for the purpose of this Regulation, as jelly confectionery of a firm consistence, contained in semi rigid mini-cups or mini-capsules, intended to be ingested in a single bite by exerting pressure on the mini-cups or mini-capsule to project the confectionery into the mouth; E 410, E 412, E 415 E 417 may not be used to produce dehydrated foods intended to rehydrate on ingestion. E425 may not be used in jelly confectionery.
  • 5.2 Other confectionery including breath freshening micro-sweets — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis. only with no added sugar.
  • 5.3 chewing gum — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 5.3 chewing gum — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis. only with no added sugar.
  • 5.4 Decorations, coatings and fillings, except fruit-based fillings covered by category 4.2.4 — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 5.4 Decorations, coatings and fillings, except fruit-based fillings covered by category 4.2.4 — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis. only decorations, coatings and fillings with not added sugar.
  • 6.2.2 starches — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 6.3 breakfast cereals — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 6.3 breakfast cereals — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis. only breakfast cereals or cereal-based products, energy reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 6.4.2 Dry pasta — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 6.4.4 Potato GnocchiAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. except fresh refrigerated potato gnocchi.
  • 6.4.5 fillings of stuffed pasta (ravioli and similar) — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 6.5 Noodles — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 6.6 Batters — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 6.7 pre-cooked or processed cereals — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 7.1 Bread and rollsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. except products in 7.1.1 and 7.1.2.
  • 7.2 Fine bakery wares — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 7.2 Fine bakery wares — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 8.3.1 Non-heat-treated processed meat — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 8.3.2 Heat-treated meat productsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. except foie gras, foie gras entier, blocs de foie gras, Libamáj, libamáj egészben, libamáj tömbben.
  • 8.3.3 Casings and coatings and decorations for meat — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 9.1.1 Unprocessed fish — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis. only frozen and deep-frozen unprocessed fish for purposes other than sweetening.
  • 9.1.2 Unprocessed molluscs and crustaceans — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV, Polyols. quantum satis. only frozen and deep-frozen unprocessed crustaceans, molluscs and cephalopods; for purposes other than sweetening.
  • 9.2 Processed fish and fishery products including molluscs and crustaceans — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. ML = quantum satis; except E 425 ML = 10000 mg/kg; E 620 to E 625, ML = 10000 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as glutamic acid; E 626 to E 635, ML = 500 mg/kg individually or in combination, expressed as guanylic acid.
  • 9.3 fish roeAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I, Additives. only processed fish roe.
Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008, Annex IIand 93 further provisionsretrieved 2026-10-18
Great BritainFood Standards Agency / Food Standards ScotlandPermitted, with conditions

91 food categories

Show every food category
  • 1.3 Unflavoured fermented milk products, heat-treated after fermentation — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 1.4 Flavoured fermented milk products including heat-treated products — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 1.4 Flavoured fermented milk products including heat-treated products — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced products or with no added sugar.
  • 1.6.3 Other creams — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 1.7.1 Unripened cheese excluding products falling in category 16 — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). except mozzarella.
  • 1.7.5 Processed cheese — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 1.7.6 Cheese products (excluding products falling in category 16) — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 1.8 Dairy analogues, including beverage whiteners — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 10.2 Processed eggs and egg products — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 11.2 Other sugars and syrups — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 11.4.1 Table-top sweeteners in liquid form — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 11.4.2 Table-top sweeteners in powder form — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 11.4.3 Table-top sweeteners in tablets — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 12.1.2 Salt substitutes — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 12.2.2 Seasonings and condiments — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 12.3 Vinegars and diluted acetic acid (diluted with water to 4-30 % by volume) — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 12.4 Mustard — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 12.4 Mustard — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 12.5 Soups and broths — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 12.6 Sauces — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 12.6 Sauces — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 12.7 Salads and savoury based sandwich spreads — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 12.8 Yeast and yeast products — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 12.9 Protein products, excluding products covered in category 1.8 — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 13.2 Dietary foods for special medical purposes defined in Directive 1999/21/EC (excluding products from food category 13.1.5) — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 13.2 Dietary foods for special medical purposes defined in Directive 1999/21/EC (excluding products from food category 13.1.5) — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 13.3 Dietary foods for weight control diets intended to replace total daily food intake or an individual meal (the whole or part of the total daily diet) — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 13.3 Dietary foods for weight control diets intended to replace total daily food intake or an individual meal (the whole or part of the total daily diet) — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 13.4 Foods suitable for people intolerant to gluten as defined by Commission Regulation (EC) No 41/2009 — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). including dry pasta.
  • 13.4 Foods suitable for people intolerant to gluten as defined by Commission Regulation (EC) No 41/2009 — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 14.1.2 Fruit juices as defined by Directive 2001/112/EC and vegetable juices — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). only vegetable juices.
  • 14.1.3 Fruit nectars as defined by Directive 2001/112/EC and vegetable nectars and similar products — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). only vegetable nectars, E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 14.1.4 Flavoured drinks — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). E 420, E 421, E 953, E 965, E 966 and E 967 may not be used E 968 may not be used except where specifically provided for in this food category.
  • 14.1.5.2 Other — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). excluding unflavoured leaf tea; including flavoured instant coffee; E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used in drinks.
  • 14.2.3 Cider and perry — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 14.2.4 Fruit wine and made wine — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 14.2.5 Mead — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 14.2.6 Spirit drinks as defined in Regulation (EC) No 110/2008 — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). except whisky or whiskey; E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used except in liqueurs.
  • 14.2.7.1 Aromatised wines — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 14.2.7.2 Aromatised wine-based drinks — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 14.2.7.3 Aromatised wine-product cocktails — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 14.2.8 Other alcoholic drinks including mixtures of alcoholic drinks with non-alcoholic drinks and spirits with less than 15 % of alcohol — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). E 420, E421, E 953, E965, E 966, E 967 and E 968 may not be used.
  • 15.1 Potato-, cereal-, flour- or starch-based snacks — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 15.2 Processed nuts — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 16 Desserts excluding products covered in categories 1, 3 and 4 — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 16 Desserts excluding products covered in categories 1, 3 and 4 — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 17.1 Food supplements supplied in a solid form, excluding food supplements for infants and young children — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). E 410, E 412, E 415, E 417 and E 425 may not be used to produce dehydrated food supplements intended to rehydrate on ingestion.
  • 17.1 Food supplements supplied in a solid form, excluding food supplements for infants and young children — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 17.2 Food supplements supplied in a liquid form, excluding food supplements for infants and young children — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 17.2 Food supplements supplied in a liquid form, excluding food supplements for infants and young children — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis.
  • 18 Processed foods not covered by categories 1 to 17, excluding foods for infants and young children — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 2.2.2 Other fat and oil emulsions including spreads as defined by Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 and liquid emulsions — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 2.3 Vegetable oil pan spray — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 3 Edible ices — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 3 Edible ices — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 4.2.1 Dried fruit and vegetables — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). E 410, E 412, E 415 E 417 may not be used to produce dehydrated foods intended to rehydrate on ingestion.
  • 4.2.2 Fruit and vegetables in vinegar, oil, or brine — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 4.2.4.1 Fruit and vegetable preparations excluding compote — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 4.2.4.1 Fruit and vegetable preparations excluding compote — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced or with no added sugar, with the exception of those intended for the manufacture of fruit-juice based drinks.
  • 4.2.5.1 Extra jam and extra jelly as defined by Directive 2001/113/EC — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced jams, jellies, marmalades or with no added sugar.
  • 4.2.5.2 Jam, jellies and marmalades and sweetened chestnut puree as defined by Directive 2001/113/EC — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 4.2.5.3 Other similar fruit or vegetable spreads — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 4.2.5.4 Nut butters and nut spreads — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 4.2.6 Processed potato products — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 5.1 Cocoa and chocolate products as covered by Directive 2000/36/EC — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). only energy-reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 5.1 Cocoa and chocolate products as covered by Directive 2000/36/EC — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 5.2 Other confectionery including breath refreshening microsweets — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). The substances listed under numbers E 400, E 401, E 402, E 403, E 404, E 406, E 407, 407a, E 410, E 412, E 413, E 414, E 415, E 417, E 418, E 425 and E 440 may not be used in jelly mini-cups, defined, for the purpose of this Regulation, as jelly confectionery of a firm consistence, contained in semi rigid mini-cups or mini-capsules, intended to be ingested in a single bite by exerting pressure on the mini-cups or mini-capsule to project the confectionery into the mouth; E 410, E 412, E 415 E 417 may not be used to produce dehydrated foods intended to rehydrate on ingestion. E425 may not be used in jelly confectionery.
  • 5.2 Other confectionery including breath refreshening microsweets — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. (1) quantum satis: only with no added sugar; (2) quantum satis: only starch-based confectionery energy-reduced or with no added sugar; (3) quantum satis: sandwich spreads made with a base of cocoa, milk, dried fruit or fat; energy reduced or with no added sugar; (4) quantum satis: only cocoa-based or dried fruit-based confectionery, energy-reduced or with no added sugar; (5) quantum satis: only for crystallised fruit, energy-reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 5.3 Chewing gum — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 5.3 Chewing gum — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis. only with no added sugar.
  • 5.4 Decorations, coatings and fillings, except fruit based fillings covered by category 4.2.4 — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 5.4 Decorations, coatings and fillings, except fruit based fillings covered by category 4.2.4 — several limitsAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. (1) quantum satis: only decorations, coatings and fillings with not added sugar; (2) quantum satis: only sauces.
  • 6.2.2 Starches — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 6.3 Breakfast cereals — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 6.3 Breakfast cereals — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis. only breakfast cereals or cereal-based products, energy-reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 6.4.2 Dry pasta — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). only gluten free and/or pasta intended for hypoproteic diets in accordance with Directive 2009/39/EC.
  • 6.4.4 Potato gnocchi — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). except fresh refrigerated potato gnocchi.
  • 6.4.5 Fillings of stuffed pasta (ravioli and similar) — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 6.5 Noodles — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 6.6 Batters — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 6.7 Pre-cooked or processed cereals — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 7.1 Bread and rolls — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). except products in 7.1.1 and 7.1.2.
  • 7.2 Fine bakery wares — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 7.2 Fine bakery wares — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis. only energy-reduced or with no added sugar.
  • 8.3.1 Non-heat-treated meat products — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 8.3.2 Heat-treated meat products — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). except foie gras, foie gras entier, blocs de foie gras, Libamáj, libamáj egészben, libamáj tömbben.
  • 8.3.3 Casings and coatings and decorations for meat — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 9.1.1 Unprocessed fish — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis. only frozen and deep-frozen unprocessed fish for purposes other than sweetening.
  • 9.1.2 Unprocessed molluscs and crustaceans — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group IV: Polyols. quantum satis. only frozen and deep-frozen unprocessed crustaceans, molluscs and cephalopods; for purposes other than sweetening.
  • 9.2 Processed fish and fishery products including mollusks and crustaceans — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening).
  • 9.3 Fish roe — quantum satisAuthorised under E 420, Sorbitols. Permitted as a member of Group I. Maximum level: Quantum satis (for purpose other than sweetening). only processed fish roe.
Assimilated Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008, Annex II (as at 28 June 2024)and 90 further provisionsretrieved 2026-10-18
JapanConsumer Affairs AgencyPermitted, with conditions
Designated additive: Appended Table 1, item 242, Ｄ―ソルビトール（別名Ｄ―ソルビット） (“D-Sorbitol (D-Sorbit)” in the unofficial English translation). …

Designated additive: Appended Table 1, item 242, Ｄ―ソルビトール（別名Ｄ―ソルビット） (“D-Sorbitol (D-Sorbit)” in the unofficial English translation). Standards for use — Specifications and Standards for Foods, Food Additives, etc. (MHW Notification No. 370 of 1959), Part II (Food Additives), F (Standards for use): The Notification sets no standard for use (使用基準) for this additive, so it is not restricted there to particular foods or amounts. Compositional specifications for this additive, in the same Notification, are not imported and are not shown here; nor are the general rules in F 添加物一般, which apply to every additive.

Regulations for Enforcement of the Food Sanitation Act (MHW Ordinance No. 23 of 1948), Appended Table 1retrieved 2026-10-18
South KoreaMinistry of Food and Drug SafetyPermitted, with conditions
Designated food additive: Standards and Specifications for Food Additives, Part III, 1. …

Designated food additive: Standards and Specifications for Food Additives, Part III, 1. 일반식품첨가물 (general food additives), D-소비톨 (“D-Sorbitol”, the English the Code prints beside it). Main use (주용도) of D-소비톨: 감미료, 습윤제. Standard for use (사용기준) of D-소비톨: (1) [to be used under the general standard for use in II. 2. 1), the minimum amount that achieves the technical effect, with no limit set for this additive in particular] “II. 2. 1)의 규정에 따라 사용하여야 한다.” The Korean is the standard as published. There is no official English translation of the current Code (the English version on MFDS’s website is the 2020 edition and has no legal effect); the English in square brackets is this site’s description of what each sentence does, not a translation of the foods or the levels. Compositional specifications (Part IV) are not imported, nor are the general standards in Part II, which apply to every additive.

Standards and Specifications for Food Additives (식품첨가물의 기준 및 규격), MFDS Notification, Part III (Standards for use, by item)retrieved 2026-10-18
United StatesFood and Drug AdministrationPermitted21 CFR 184.1835retrieved 2026-10-17
Codex AlimentariusCodex Alimentarius Commission / JECFAPermitted, with conditions

5 food categories

no numerical limit (good manufacturing practice)

Show every food category and its notes
  • 09.2.3 Frozen minced and creamed fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — GMP
    • Note 16 For use in glaze, coatings or decorations for fruit, vegetables, meat or fish only.
    • Note 241 For use in surimi products only.
  • 09.2.4 Cooked and/or fried fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — GMP
    • Note 144 For use in sweet and sour products.
    • Note 241 For use in surimi products only.
    • Note 322 For use in cooked products boiled with soy sauce only.
    • Note 474 Except for use in octopus with wasabi only.
    • Note 479 For use in cooked mollusks only.
  • 09.2.5 Smoked, dried, fermented, and/or salted fish and fish products, including molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms — GMP
  • 11.4 Other sugars and syrups (e.g. xylose, maple syrup, sugar toppings) — GMP
    • Note 258 Excluding maple syrup.
    • Note 477 Some Codex Members allow use of additives with sweetener function in all foods within this Food Category while others limit additives with sweetener function to those foods with significant energy reduction or no added sugars.
  • 12.2.2 Seasonings and condiments — GMP
    • Note 477 Some Codex Members allow use of additives with sweetener function in all foods within this Food Category while others limit additives with sweetener function to those foods with significant energy reduction or no added sugars.
CXS 192-1995 Table Three, INS 420(i)and 5 further provisionsretrieved 2026-09-07

How much is permitted

A listing usually limits the quantity as well as the food. Only one of the forms that takes is a figure: quantum satis and good manufacturing practice permit the amount the technological effect requires and no more, which is a limit rather than the absence of one. Figures below are the range across every food category this page is listed in, and categories differ between regulators — see how much is permitted.

Australia and New Zealand—54 GMP
Canada60,000 mg/kg1 numeric limit, 1 GMP
European Union—46 several limits, 26 quantum satis, 22 no quantity stated
Great Britain—2 several limits, 89 quantum satis
Japan—1 no quantity stated
South Korea—1 no quantity stated
United States—1 no quantity stated
Codex Alimentarius—6 GMP

What a label must say

Words a food containing Sorbitol is obliged to carry, quoted from the instrument that imposes them. A required statement is a fact about the regulation, not a finding about the substance — every rule below applies where the additive is authorised.

Every rule collected at what a label must say.

What it is made from

Made by hydrogenating glucose, usually derived from maize or wheat starch. It also occurs naturally in rowan berries and some stone fruit. No animal material is involved.

  • Vegan
  • Vegetarian

Compare other additives on the dietary indexes.

CAS registry number
50-70-4
InChIKey
FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N
PubChem
CID 5780

The two specifications, compared

The European Union sets identity and purity by regulation; JECFA publishes its own through FAO, advisory until a country adopts it. Both documents are below in full. These are the parameters each puts a number on.

ParameterEuropean UnionJECFA
Assayno less than 97 %no less than 97 %
Sulphated ash—no more than 0.1 %
Leadno more than 1 mg/kgno more than 1 mg/kg
Arsenicno more than 3 mg/kg—

The two documents state the same figures for every parameter compared here.

How the EU defines it

The legal specification an additive must meet to be sold as this E number in the EU — what it is, how it may be made, and the purity it must reach. From Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012.

E 420(i) Sorbitol

Sorbitol is obtained by hydrogenation of D-glucose. It is mainly composed of D-sorbitol. According to the level of D-glucose, the part of the products which is not D-sorbitol is composed of related substances such as mannitol, iditol, maltitol.

Synonyms: D-glucitol; D-sorbitol

Assay, identification and purity criteria

Description and assay

Einecs
200-061-5
Chemical name
D-glucitol
Chemical formula
C₆H₁₄O₆
Molecular weight
182,2
Assay
Content not less than 97 % of total glycitols and not less than 91 % of D-sorbitol on dry weight basis (glycitols are compounds with the structural formula CH₂OH-(CHOH)ₙ-CH₂OH, where ‘n’ is an integer).
Description
White hygroscopic powder, crystalline powder, flakes or granules.
Appearance of the aqueous solution:
The solution is clear.

Identification

Solubility
Very soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol
Melting range
88 to 102 °C
Sorbitol monobenzylidene derivative
To 5 g of the sample add 7 ml of methanol, 1 ml of benzaldehyde and 1 ml of hydrochloric acid. Mix and shake in a mechanical shaker until crystals appear. Filter with the aid of suction, dissolve the crystals in 20 ml of boiling water containing 1 g of sodium bicarbonate, filter while hot, cool the filtrate, filter with suction, wash with 5 ml of methanol-water mixture (1 in 2) and dry in air. The crystals so obtained melt between 173 and 179 °C

Purity criteria

Water content
Not more than 1,5 % (Karl Fischer Method)
Conductivity
Not more than 20 μS/cm (on 20 % dry solids solution) at temperature 20 °C
Reducing sugars
Not more than 0,3 % (expressed as glucose on dry weight basis)
Total sugars
Not more than 1 % (expressed as glucose on dry weight basis)
Nickel
Not more than 2 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Arsenic
Not more than 3 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)
Lead
Not more than 1 mg/kg (expressed on dry weight basis)

Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012, Annex, E 420(i)

How JECFA defines it

The international specification for identity and purity, prepared by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and published by FAO. It is a different document from any above, written by a different body and revised on its own cycle; it is advisory, and a country adopts it or does not.

INS 420(i) Sorbitol

Synonyms: D-Glucitol, D-sorbitol, sorbit, sorbol, INS No. 420(i) D-Glucitol; D-Sorbitol; Sorbit; Sorbol

Assay, identification and purity criteria

Description and assay

Specification history
Prepared at the 46th JECFA (1996), published in FNP 52 Add 4 (1996) superseding specifications prepared at the 33rd JECFA (1988), published in FNP 38 (1988). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 57th JECFA (2001). An ADI ‘Not specified' was established at the 26th JECFA (1982).
Chemical names
D-Sorbitol
C.A.S. number
50-70-4
Chemical formula
C6H14O6
Formula weight
182.17
Assay
Not less than 97.0% of C6H14O6 of total glycitols and not less than 91.0% of D-sorbitol on the anhydrous basis. The term glycitols refers to compounds with the structural formula CH2OH-(CHOH)n-CH2OH, where n is an integer less than or equal to 4.
DESCRIPTION
White hygroscopic powder, crystalline powder, flakes or granules
FUNCTIONAL USES
Sweetener, humectant, sequestrant, texturizer, stabilizer, bulking agent
METHOD OF ASSAY
Determine the polyol content of the sample using liquid chromatography (see Volume 4). Apparatus Liquid chromatograph (HPLC) Detection: differential refractometer maintained at constant temperature Integrator recorder Column: AMINEX HPX 87 C (or equivalent resin in calcium form), length 30 cm, internal diameter 9 mm Eluent: double distilled degassed water (filtered through Millipore membrane filter 0.45 μm) Chromatographic conditions Column temperature: 85±0.5 o Eluent flow rate: 0.5 ml/min Standard preparation Dissolve an accurately weighed quantity of sorbitol in water to obtain a solution having known concentration of about 10.0 mg of sorbitol per ml. Sample preparation Transfer about 1 g of the sample accurately weighed to a 50 ml volumetric flask, dilute with water to volume and mix. Procedure Separately inject equal volumes (about 20 μl) of the sample preparation and the standard preparation into the chromatograph. Record the chromatograms and measure the responses of each peak. Calculate separately the quantities, in mg, of sorbitol and other glycitols in the portion of sample taken by the following formula: R U 50 x C x R S in which C is the concentration, in mg per ml, of sorbitol in the standard preparation; RU is the peak response of the sample preparation and RS is the peak response of the standard preparation.

Identification

Solubility (Vol. 4)
Very soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol
Melting range (Vol. 4)
88 - 102 o
Thin layer chromatography (Vol. 4)
Passes test Proceed as directed under Thin Layer Chromatography of Polyols Use the following: Standard solution: Dissolve 50 mg of reference standard sorbitol (available from US Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, USA) in 20 ml water Test solution: Dissolve 50 mg of the sample in 20 ml of water

Purity criteria

Water (Vol. 4)
Not more than 1% (Karl Fischer Method)
Sulfated ash (Vol. 4)
Not more than 0.1% Test 2 g of sample (Method I)
Chlorides (Vol. 4)
Not more than 50 mg/kg Test 10 g of sample by the Limit Test using 1.5 ml of 0.01N hydrochloric acid in the control
Sulfates (Vol. 4)
Not more than 100 mg/kg Test 10 g of sample by the Limit Test using 2.0 ml of 0.01N sulfuric acid in the control
Nickel (Vol. 4)
Not more than 2 mg/kg Proceed as directed under Nickel in Polyols
Reducing sugars
Not more than 0.3% Proceed as directed under Reducing Substances (as Glucose ), Method II. The weight of cuprous oxide shall not exceed 50 mg
Total sugars
Not more than 1% (as glucose) Weigh 2.1 g of the sample into a 250 ml flask fitted with a ground glass joint, add 40 ml of 0.1N hydrochloric acid, attach a reflux condenser, and reflux for 4 h. Transfer the solution to a 400 ml beaker, rinsing the flask with about 10 ml of water, neutralize with 6N sodium hydroxide and proceed as directed under Reducing Substances(as Glucose ) Method II. The weight of the cuprous oxide shall not exceed 50 mg.
Lead (Vol. 4)
Not more than 1 mg/kg Determine using an atomic absorption technique appropriate to the specified level. The selection of sample size and method of sample preparation may be based on the principles of the method described in Volume 4, “Instrumental Methods.”

FAO JECFA Monograph 1 (2006)

Authorised in other additives, enzymes, flavourings and nutrients

These authorisations are not for use in food. They let this substance be used inside another additive, a food enzyme, a flavouring or a nutrient preparation — often as a carrier — and it reaches food only as part of that product. Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008.

PartMay be used inMaximum levelCitation
Annex III, Part 1: Carriers in food additivesAll food additivesquantum satisRegulation (EC) No 1333/2008, Annex III, Part 1
Annex III, Part 3: Food additives including carriers in food enzymesFood enzymesCan be used as a carrier: Yes Note (1): Including enzymes authorised as food additives.In enzyme preparation: quantum satis In final food except beverages: quantum satis In beverages: quantum satisRegulation (EC) No 1333/2008, Annex III, Part 3
Annex III, Part 4: Food additives including carriers in food flavouringsAll flavouringsListed jointly as "E 420 E 421 E 953 E 965 E 966 E 967 E 968 Sorbitol Mannitol Isomalt Maltitol Lactitol Xylitol Erythritol"quantum satis for purposes other than sweetening, not as flavour enhancersRegulation (EC) No 1333/2008, Annex III, Part 4
Annex III, Part 5, Section A: Food additives added in nutrients except in nutrients intended to be used in foodstuffs listed in Part E, point 01.10, of Annex II and foodstuffs for infants and young children listed in Part E, point 13.1, of Annex IIAll nutrientsCan be used as a carrier: Yes, only as a carrierquantum satisRegulation (EC) No 1333/2008, Annex III, Part 5, Section A

Every name it appears under

82 recorded names. A label may use any of them.

E number

  • E420

INS number

  • 420(i)

CAS registry number

  • 50-70-4

As it appears in regulation

  • Sorbitol
  • Sorbitols

Other names

  • (-)-Sorbitol
  • (2R,3R,4R,5S)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol
  • 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexanehexol
  • Cholaxine
  • D-(-)-Sorbitol
  • D-glucitol
  • D-Sorbite
  • D-sorbitol
  • D-Sorbol
  • Diakarmon
  • E 420(i)
  • Esasorb
  • FEMA No. 3029
  • Foodol D 70
  • GeriCare Sorbitol Solution
  • Glucarine
  • glucitol
  • Glucitol, D-
  • Gulitol
  • Hexahydric alcohol
  • Ins no.420(i)
  • Ins-420(i)
  • Karion
  • Karion (carbohydrate)
  • Karion instant
  • L-Gulitol
  • Microlax Enema
  • Multitol
  • Neosorb
  • Neosorb 20/60DC
  • Neosorb 70/70
  • Neosorb P 20/60
  • Neosorb P 60
  • Neosorb P 60W
  • Nivitin
  • shediary turmeric face cream
  • Sionit
  • Sionit K
  • Sionite
  • Sionon
  • Siosan
  • Sorbex M
  • Sorbex R
  • Sorbex Rp
  • Sorbex S
  • Sorbex X
  • Sorbicolan
  • Sorbilande
  • Sorbit
  • Sorbitol
  • Sorbitol (e420)
  • Sorbitol 3% in plastic container
  • SORBITOL 3.3% IN PLASTIC CONTAINER
  • Sorbitol F
  • Sorbitol FP
  • Sorbo
  • Sorbol
  • Sorbostyl
  • Sorvilande

Systematic names

  • (2R,3R,4R,5S)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol

Hazard reference values

Values set by assessing bodies. A body that has not set a value is not listed here.
TypeValuePopulationAssessed byOpinion
ADInot specified—JECFA1982

Evidence and how bodies read it

Studies, and the differing conclusions regulators drew from them, are curated rather than machine-read, and none has been written for this substance yet.

Common questions

Assembled from what is above, in the words the questions are usually asked in. Each answer is the same statement the relevant section makes, with the same citations behind it.

What is E 420?
E 420 is Sorbitol. Sorbitol is a sugar alcohol about half as sweet as sugar, used in sugar-free confectionery, chewing gum and baked goods. Like the other polyols it is incompletely absorbed, and foods containing much of it carry a laxative-effect declaration in many jurisdictions.
What is Sorbitol used for in food?
It is listed as a sweetener — the role Canada, Codex, the EU and the US assign it. This page shows every function each regulator records, with the citation for each.
Where is Sorbitol permitted?
Of the seven regulators this site reads, Australia and New Zealand, Canada, the EU, Great Britain, Japan, South Korea, the US and the Codex standard permit it. Each permission is for named foods at named levels, not a blanket one; the table on this page gives them with citations.
Is Sorbitol vegan?
Yes. Sorbitol is not derived from animals, and is suitable for vegetarians. This page says what it is made from and how.

Sources for this page

  • anz retrieved 2026-10-17
  • ca retrieved 2026-10-17
  • eu retrieved 2026-10-18
  • gb retrieved 2026-10-18
  • jp retrieved 2026-10-18
  • kr retrieved 2026-10-18
  • ecfr retrieved 2026-10-17
  • gsfa retrieved 2026-09-07
  • euspecs retrieved 2026-10-18
  • jecfaspecs retrieved 2026-09-23

Full licence terms and publisher details on Sources. How this page is built and updated: Method.

Machine-readable: a JSON record of this additive is given on request —how to ask for access.

Follow changes to Sorbitol:Atom feed — regulatory events, and any change the weekly refresh detects in its provisions.