Canada and Japan

Food additives permitted in one and not the other — and what each gap actually means.

173 additives are permitted in both. 217 are permitted in Canada with no permission in Japan, none of them explicitly prohibited there. 134 are permitted in Japan with no permission in Canada, none of them explicitly prohibited there.

A missing permission is rarely a ban. Usually no one has applied, the substance is named or grouped differently, or it falls under a different law. Only the first two groups below — prohibited, and removed — record a regulator’s decision against a substance, and even those are decisions about legal status, not findings this site draws about safety.

Permitted in Canada, no permission in Japan

No Japanese designated-additive listing matched 217

This site imports Japan’s list of designated additives only, and matches it by English name. Japan also permits existing additives, natural flavouring agents and ordinary foods used as additives outside that list, and none of those are imported. Treat these as unconfirmed, not as absent.

AdditiveFunctionIn Canada
1,3-Butylene glycolFormulation aid2 provisions
4-Hexylresorcinol E586Antioxidant1 provision
Acetic anhydrideFlavouring agent1 provision
Acetone peroxidesFlour treatment agent3 provisions
Acetylated monoglyceridesEmulsifier4 provisions
Acetylated tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglyceridesEmulsifier4 provisions
Agar E406Bulking agent10 provisions
Alginic acid E400Bulking agent16 provisions
AlkanetColour3 provisions
Aluminium E173Colour1 provision
Aluminum sodium sulfate E521Firming agent5 provisions
Aluminum sulfate E520Firming agent7 provisions
Ammonium citrate, dibasicFlavour enhancer2 provisions
Ammonium citrate, monobasicAcidity regulator2 provisions
Ammonium hydroxide E527Acidity regulator3 provisions
Ammonium salt of phosphorylated glycerideEmulsifier8 provisions
Annatto extractColour8 provisions
Anthocyanins E163Colour4 provisions
ArabinogalactanEmulsifier1 provision
AzodicarbonamideDough strengthener2 provisions
Bakers yeast glycanEmulsifier1 provision
Beeswax (yellow and white) E901Carrier2 provisions
Beet red E162Colour4 provisions
Butane E943aPropellant1 provision
CaffeineFlavouring agent2 provisions
Caffeine citrate—2 provisions
Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate E450(vii)Acidity regulator2 provisions
Calcium fumarateNutrient supplement1 provision
Calcium hypochloriteStarch-modifying agent1 provision
Calcium hypophosphiteAntioxidant1 provision
Calcium iodateDough strengthener2 provisions
Calcium peroxideDough strengthener2 provisions
Candelilla wax E902Carrier1 provision
CaramelColour8 provisions
Carnauba wax E903Acidity regulator2 provisions
Carnobacterium divergens M35Preservative1 provision
Carnobacterium maltaromaticum CB1Preservative2 provisions
Carob bean gum E410Emulsifier15 provisions
Carrageenan E407Bulking agent27 provisions
Castor oil INS 1503Anticaking agent2 provisions
CelluloseAnticaking agent4 provisions
CharcoalColour3 provisions
ChitosanPreservative23 provisions
Chlorine INS 925Flour treatment agent1 provision
ChloropentafluoroethanePropellant1 provision
Chlorophyllin copper complexes, potassium and sodium salts INS 141(ii)Colour1 provision
Chlorophylls E140Colour5 provisions
Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol E472cAntioxidant9 provisions
Citrus Red No. 2Colour1 provision
Cochineal extract; carmineColour5 provisions
Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Cross-linked-cellulose gum) E468Stabiliser1 provision
Cyclodextrin, alpha- INS 457Stabiliser5 provisions
Dimethylpolysiloxane formulationsAntifoaming agent5 provisions
Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate INS 480Emulsifier2 provisions
Erythritol E968Flavour enhancer21 provisions
Ethanol denatured with methanolSolvent1 provision
EthoxyquinAntioxidant1 provision
Ethyl alcoholPreservative7 provisions
Ethyl beta-apo-8'-carotenoateColour4 provisions
Ethyl methyl ketoneFlavouring agent1 provision
FD&C Red No. 4Colour1 provision
FurcelleranProcessing aid4 provisions
GelatinAnticaking agent18 provisions
Gellan gum E418Gelling agent15 provisions
Glycerol diacetate E1517Carrier2 provisions
Glycerol ester of gum rosinGlazing agent1 provision
Glycerol ester of tall oil rosin—1 provision
Gold E175Colour2 provisions
Ground limestoneColour1 provision
Guaiac resin INS 314Antioxidant2 provisions
Guar gum E412Emulsifier20 provisions
Gum arabic (Acacia gum) E414Bulking agent12 provisions
Gum benzoinFlavour enhancer1 provision
Gum tragacanth E413Emulsifier15 provisions
HexaneSolvent5 provisions
Hydroxylated lecithinEmulsifier2 provisions
Ice structuring protein type III HPLC 12—2 provisions
Iron oxides and hydroxides E172Colour4 provisions
Isobutane E943bPropellant1 provision
Isomalt (Hydrogenated isomaltulose) E953Anticaking agent1 provision
Karaya gum E416Emulsifier10 provisions
L-Cysteine E920Dough strengthener1 provision
L-leucine E641Flavour enhancer1 provision
Lactitol E966Emulsifier1 provision
Lactococcus lactis DSM 11037—1 provision
Lactylated mono- and diglyceridesEmulsifier3 provisions
Lactylic esters of fatty acidsEmulsifier2 provisions
Lanolin—1 provision
Lauric arginate ethyl ester E243Preservative4 provisions
Lecithin E322Antioxidant21 provisions
Lecithin citratePreservative2 provisions
Leuconostoc carnosum 4010Preservative1 provision
Long-chain glycolipidsPreservative4 provisions
Magnesium fumarateNutrient supplement1 provision
Maltitol INS 965(i)Bulking agent1 provision
Maltitol syrup E965Bulking agent1 provision
Manganese sulfateNutrient supplement2 provisions
Mannoproteins from yeast cell walls INS 455Stabiliser1 provision
MethanolSolvent4 provisions
Methyl ethyl cellulose E465Emulsifier2 provisions
Methylene chlorideColour5 provisions
Methylparaben E218Preservative4 provisions
Mica-based pearlescent pigmentsColour12 provisions
Microcrystalline cellulose (Cellulose gel) E460(i)Anticaking agent16 provisions
Modified vinegarPreservative3 provisions
Monk fruit extractSweetener1 provision
Mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids E471Antifoaming agent21 provisions
Monoacetin—1 provision
Monoglyceride citrateAntioxidant5 provisions
MonoglyceridesEmulsifier17 provisions
Monoisopropyl citrateFormulation aid3 provisions
Monosodium phosphate derivatives of mono- and diglyceridesEmulsifier1 provision
Nitric acidStarch-modifying agent1 provision
Nitrogen E941Foaming agent3 provisions
Oat gumEmulsifier1 provision
OctafluorocyclobutanePropellant1 provision
Octenyl succinic acid (OSA) modified gum arabic E423Emulsifier5 provisions
Octenyl succinic anhydrideDough strengthener1 provision
OrchilColour3 provisions
OxystearinProcessing aid1 provision
OzonePreservative3 provisions
Pancreas extract—1 provision
PaprikaColour5 provisions
Paraffin waxFlavour enhancer3 provisions
Pectins E440Emulsifier13 provisions
Pentapotassium triphosphate INS 451(ii)Acidity regulator13 provisions
PetrolatumLubricant or release agent3 provisions
Phosphorus oxychlorideAcidity regulator1 provision
Polydextrose E1200Bulking agent1 provision
Polyethylene glycol E1521Antifoaming agent3 provisions
Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids E475Emulsifier4 provisions
Polyglycerol esters of interesterified ricinoleic acid E476Emulsifier5 provisions
Polyglycitol syrup E964Sweetener1 provision
Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate INS 430Emulsifier1 provision
Potassium acetate E261Acidity regulator2 provisions
Potassium benzoate E212Preservative6 provisions
Potassium bisulfite E228Preservative15 provisions
Potassium diacetatePreservative2 provisions
Potassium fumarateNutrient supplement1 provision
Potassium iodateDough strengthener2 provisions
Potassium nitrite E249Colour retention agent4 provisions
Potassium permanganateAnticaking agent1 provision
Potassium persulfateSurface-active agent2 provisions
Potassium polyaspartate E456Stabiliser1 provision
Potassium saccharin E954Sweetener10 provisions
Potassium stearatePreservative2 provisions
Powdered cellulose E460Anticaking agent11 provisions
Propane E944Propellant1 provision
Propylene glycol mono fatty acid estersEmulsifier3 provisions
Propylene glycol mono- and diesters of fats and fatty acidsEmulsifier1 provision
Propylene oxideStarch-modifying agent1 provision
Quillaia extract E999Flavouring agent1 provision
Quillaia extract type 2 INS 999(ii)Emulsifier4 provisions
SaffronColour3 provisions
Salts of carrageenanGelling agent92 provisions
Salts of furcelleranEmulsifier16 provisions
SaponinFoaming agent1 provision
SaunderswoodFlavouring agent4 provisions
Shellac, bleached E904Glazing agent2 provisions
Silver E174Colour3 provisions
Sodium acid tartrate E335(i)Raising agent1 provision
Sodium aluminosilicate E554Anticaking agent5 provisions
Sodium aluminum phosphateRaising agent3 provisions
Sodium bisulfite E222Antioxidant15 provisions
Sodium diacetate E262Acidity regulator6 provisions
Sodium fumarates INS 365Acidity regulator1 provision
Sodium hexametaphosphateFlavouring agent24 provisions
Sodium hydrogen DL-malate INS 350(i)Acidity regulator2 provisions
Sodium hydrogen sulfate INS 514(ii)Acidity regulator5 provisions
Sodium lauryl sulfateEmulsifier3 provisions
Sodium methyl p-hydroxybenzoate E219Preservative4 provisions
Sodium methyl sulfateFirming agent1 provision
Sodium potassium hexametaphosphateThickener23 provisions
Sodium potassium tartrate E337Acidity regulator5 provisions
Sodium potassium tripolyphosphateAcidity regulator13 provisions
Sodium propyl p-hydroxybenzoatePreservative5 provisions
Sodium silicate—1 provision
Sodium sorbatePreservative10 provisions
Sodium stearateAnticaking agent2 provisions
Sodium stearyl fumarateDough strengthener2 provisions
Sodium thiosulfate INS 539Antioxidant1 provision
Sodium trimetaphosphateStarch-modifying agent1 provision
Sodium tripolyphosphate E451Acidity regulator13 provisions
Sorbitan monostearate E491Emulsifier11 provisions
Sorbitan trioleateEmulsifier1 provision
Sorbitan tristearate E492Emulsifier5 provisions
Sorbitol syrup INS 420(ii)Bulking agent1 provision
Spermaceti waxGlazing agent1 provision
Spirulina extractColour7 provisions
Stannous chloride E512Antioxidant2 provisions
Stearic acidFlavouring agent4 provisions
Stearyl citrate INS 484Antioxidant1 provision
Stearyl monoglyceridyl citrateStabiliser1 provision
Steviol glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Steviol glycosides from Stevia) E960Sweetener11 provisions
Succinic anhydrideStarch-modifying agent1 provision
Sucrose acetate isobutyrate E444Emulsifier1 provision
Sucrose monoesters of lauric, palmitic or stearic acidEmulsifier1 provision
Sulfurous acidAcidity regulator16 provisions
Talc E553bAnticaking agent3 provisions
Tamarind seed polysaccharide INS 437Emulsifier15 provisions
Tannic acidFlavour enhancer3 provisions
Tara gum E417Gelling agent15 provisions
TBHQ E319Antioxidant1 provision
Thaumatin E957Flavour enhancer3 provisions
Tocopherols INS 307aAntioxidant9 provisions
Tomato lycopene extract; tomato lycopene concentrateColour20 provisions
Triacetin E1518Carrier3 provisions
TributyrinFlavouring agent2 provisions
Trimagnesium dicitrate E345(i)Acidity regulator1 provision
Trisodium diphosphate E450(ii)Acidity regulator11 provisions
TurmericColour6 provisions
Vegetable carbon E153Colour3 provisions
White mineral oilFormulation aid6 provisions
Wood smokePreservative3 provisions
Xanthan gum E415Emulsifier18 provisions
XanthophyllColour3 provisions
ZeinGlazing agent1 provision

Permitted in Japan, no permission in Canada

No Canadian listing matched 134

Health Canada’s lists name additives without E or INS numbers, so this site matches them by exact name. A substance listed in Canada under a name this site does not recognise will appear here. Treat these as unconfirmed, not as absent.

AdditiveFunctionIn Japan
1-DecanolFlavouring agent1 provision
1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid—1 provision
AcetophenoneFlavouring agent1 provision
Acetylated distarch adipate E1422Emulsifier1 provision
Acetylated distarch phosphate E1414Emulsifier1 provision
Acetylated oxidized starch E1451Emulsifier1 provision
Allyl caproateFlavouring agent1 provision
Allyl isothiocyanateFlavouring agent1 provision
AnisaldehydeFlavouring agent1 provision
Argon E938—1 provision
Asparaginase from Aspergillus oryzae—1 provision
Benzyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Benzyl propionateFlavouring agent1 provision
BiotinNutrient supplement1 provision
Butan-1-olFlavouring agent1 provision
Butyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Butyl butyrateFlavouring agent1 provision
Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides E634Flavour enhancer1 provision
Calcium ferrocyanide E538Anticaking agent1 provision
Calcium pantothenateNutrient supplement1 provision
Caprylic acidFlavouring agent1 provision
Cinnamic acidFlavouring agent1 provision
Cinnamyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Cinnamyl alcoholFlavouring agent1 provision
CitronellalFlavouring agent1 provision
CitronellolFlavouring agent1 provision
Citronellyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Citronellyl formateFlavouring agent1 provision
Diphenyl INS 230Flavour enhancer1 provision
Disodium 5'-cytidylate—1 provision
Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides E635Flavour enhancer1 provision
Disodium 5'-uridylate—1 provision
Disodium glycyrrhizinate—1 provision
Disodium guanylate E627Flavour enhancer1 provision
Disodium inosinate E631Flavour enhancer1 provision
Disodium succinate INS 364(ii)Flavour enhancer1 provision
Distarch phosphate E1412Emulsifier1 provision
DL-AlanineFlavouring agent1 provision
dl-alpha-Tocopherol INS 307cAntioxidant1 provision
DL-MethionineFlavour enhancer1 provision
DL-Tartaric acid—1 provision
DL-Threonine—1 provision
DL-Tryptophan—1 provision
Ethyl acetoacetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl cinnamateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl decanoateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl heptanoateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl hexanoateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl isovalerateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl octanoateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate E214Preservative1 provision
Ethyl phenylacetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl propionateFlavouring agent1 provision
EucalyptolFlavouring agent1 provision
Ferric ammonium citrate INS 381Anticaking agent1 provision
Ferric chlorideFlavouring agent1 provision
Ferric citrateNutrient supplement1 provision
Ferric pyrophosphateNutrient supplement1 provision
Folic acid (folacin)Nutrient supplement1 provision
Geranyl formateFlavouring agent1 provision
Glutamic acid E620Flavour enhancer1 provision
HydroxycitronellalFlavouring agent1 provision
Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate E1442Anticaking agent1 provision
Hydroxypropyl starch E1440Emulsifier1 provision
Iron oxide, red INS 172(ii)Colour1 provision
Isoamyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Isoamyl butyrateFlavouring agent1 provision
Isoamyl formateFlavouring agent1 provision
Isoamyl isovalerateFlavouring agent1 provision
Isoamyl propionateFlavouring agent1 provision
IsobutanolFlavouring agent1 provision
Isobutyl phenylacetateFlavouring agent1 provision
IsoeugenolFlavouring agent1 provision
Isopropyl citrate INS 384Antioxidant1 provision
L-Histidine hydrochloride—1 provision
L-IsoleucineFlavouring agent1 provision
L-MethionineFlavour enhancer1 provision
L-PhenylalanineFlavour enhancer1 provision
L-Theanine—1 provision
L-ThreonineFlavour enhancer1 provision
L-TryptophanNutrient supplement1 provision
L-ValineFlavouring agent1 provision
Magnesium di-L-glutamate E625Flavour enhancer1 provision
Magnesium hydrogen phosphate INS 343(ii)Acidity regulator1 provision
Maltol INS 636Flavour enhancer1 provision
Methyl cinnamateFlavouring agent1 provision
Methyl N-methylanthranilateFlavour enhancer1 provision
Methyl β-naphthyl ketoneFlavouring agent1 provision
Monoammonium glutamate E624Flavour enhancer1 provision
Monopotassium glutamate E622Flavour enhancer1 provision
Monosodium L-glutamate E621Flavour enhancer1 provision
Monostarch phosphate E1410Emulsifier1 provision
NiacinNutrient supplement1 provision
NiacinamideNutrient supplement1 provision
OctanalFlavouring agent1 provision
Oxalic acid—1 provision
Oxidized starch E1404Emulsifier1 provision
p-Methyl acetophenoneFlavouring agent1 provision
Phenylethyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Phosphated distarch phosphate E1413Emulsifier1 provision
Polydimethylsiloxane E900Anticaking agent1 provision
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate E432Emulsifier1 provision
Polyvinyl alcohol E1203Glazing agent1 provision
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone E1202Colour retention agent1 provision
Potassium bromateDough strengthener1 provision
Potassium dihydrogen citrate INS 332(i)Acidity regulator1 provision
Potassium gluconate E577Acidity regulator1 provision
Potassium polyphosphate E452Acidity regulator1 provision
Propan-1-olFlavouring agent1 provision
Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids E477Emulsifier1 provision
Pyridoxine hydrochlorideNutrient supplement1 provision
Riboflavin-5′-phosphate (sodium) E101Colour1 provision
Sodium caseinateAnticaking agent1 provision
Sodium DL-malate INS 350(ii)Acidity regulator1 provision
Sodium metaphosphate—1 provision
Sodium methoxide—1 provision
Sodium pantothenateNutrient supplement1 provision
Sodium polyacrylate—1 provision
Sodium polyphosphate E452Acidity regulator1 provision
Sodium selenite—1 provision
Starch acetate E1420Emulsifier1 provision
Starch sodium octenyl succinate E1450Carrier1 provision
Succinic acid E363Flavour enhancer1 provision
Sulfur dioxide E220Antioxidant1 provision
Thiamine hydrochlorideFlavouring agent1 provision
Thiamine mononitrateNutrient supplement1 provision
Thiamine naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate—1 provision
Thiamine thiocyanate—1 provision
Vitamin ANutrient supplement1 provision
Vitamin D2Nutrient supplement1 provision
Vitamin D3Nutrient supplement1 provision
Zinc gluconateNutrient supplement1 provision
γ-NonalactoneFlavouring agent1 provision
γ-UndecalactoneFlavouring agent1 provision

What this page is not

It is not a list of unsafe additives, and a regulator permitting something is not this site’s endorsement of it. Regulators reach different decisions on the same evidence, on different applications, and at different times. Each additive’s page shows every jurisdiction’s status with its citation, and where an assessing body has published a reading of the evidence, that reading, attributed.

Counts are of this site’s additive pages, which follow the regulators’ own listings: a group entry in one jurisdiction can correspond to several pages in another. Status as retrieved from each source; see Sources for dates.