The EU and Japan

Food additives permitted in one and not the other — and what each gap actually means.

174 additives are permitted in both. 224 are permitted in the EU with no permission in Japan, none of them explicitly prohibited there. 133 are permitted in Japan with no permission in the EU, of which 1 is explicitly prohibited or removed there.

A missing permission is rarely a ban. Usually no one has applied, the substance is named or grouped differently, or it falls under a different law. Only the first two groups below — prohibited, and removed — record a regulator’s decision against a substance, and even those are decisions about legal status, not findings this site draws about safety.

Permitted in the EU, no permission in Japan

No Japanese designated-additive listing matched 224

This site imports Japan’s list of designated additives only, and matches it by English name. Japan also permits existing additives, natural flavouring agents and ordinary foods used as additives outside that list, and none of those are imported. Treat these as unconfirmed, not as absent.

AdditiveFunctionIn European Union
4-Hexylresorcinol E586Antioxidant1 provision
Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol E472aEmulsifier71 provisions
Agar E406Bulking agent73 provisions
Alginic acid E400Bulking agent72 provisions
Alpha-tocopherol E307—74 provisions
Aluminium E173Colour1 provision
Aluminum sodium sulfate E521Firming agent1 provision
Aluminum sulfate E520Firming agent2 provisions
Ammonium carbonates E503—72 provisions
Ammonium hydroxide E527Acidity regulator70 provisions
Ammonium salts of phosphatidic acid E442Emulsifier3 provisions
Anionic methacrylate copolymer E1207—1 provision
Annatto extracts, bixin-based E160b(i)Colour26 provisions
Annatto extracts, norbixin-based E160b(ii)Colour27 provisions
Anthocyanins E163Colour48 provisions
Aspartame-acesulfame salt E962Sweetener36 provisions
Azorubine (Carmoisine) E122Colour32 provisions
Beeswax (yellow and white) E901Carrier11 provisions
Beet red E162Colour48 provisions
beta-Carotenes, Blakeslea trispora INS 160a(iii)Colour54 provisions
beta-Carotenes, vegetable INS 160a(ii)Colour54 provisions
Boric acid E284Lubricant or release agent1 provision
Brilliant black (Black PN) E151Colour25 provisions
Brown HT E155Colour26 provisions
Buffered vinegar E267—78 provisions
Butane E943aPropellant1 provision
Calcium 5'-guanylate E629Flavour enhancer70 provisions
Calcium 5'-inosinate E633Flavour enhancer70 provisions
Calcium benzoate E213Preservative44 provisions
Calcium cyclamate INS 952(ii)Sweetener22 provisions
Calcium di-L-glutamate E623Flavour enhancer70 provisions
Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate E450(vii)Acidity regulator61 provisions
Calcium hydrogen sulphite E227—41 provisions
Calcium malate, D, L- INS 352(ii)Acidity regulator68 provisions
Calcium malates E352—68 provisions
Calcium polyphosphate E452Acidity regulator59 provisions
Calcium pyrophosphate E450Acidity regulator61 provisions
Calcium sulphite E226—41 provisions
Candelilla wax E902Carrier10 provisions
Caramel I – plain caramel E150aColour57 provisions
Caramel II - sulfite caramel E150bColour55 provisions
Caramel III - ammonia caramel E150cColour56 provisions
Caramel IV - sulfite ammonia caramel E150dColour55 provisions
Carbomer—2 provisions
Carmines E120Colour45 provisions
Carnauba wax E903Acidity regulator11 provisions
Carob bean gum E410Emulsifier81 provisions
Carotenal, beta-apo-8'- E160eColour27 provisions
Carrageenan E407Bulking agent79 provisions
Cassia gum E427Emulsifier8 provisions
Chlorophyllin copper complexes, potassium and sodium salts INS 141(ii)Colour45 provisions
Chlorophylls E140Colour45 provisions
Chlorophylls, copper complexes INS 141(i)Colour45 provisions
Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol E472cAntioxidant76 provisions
Copper complexes of chlorophylls and chlorophyllins E141Colour45 provisions
Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Cross-linked-cellulose gum) E468Stabiliser3 provisions
Curcumin E100Colour38 provisions
Cyclamic acid INS 952(i)Sweetener22 provisions
Cyclamic acid and its Na and Ca salts E952Sweetener22 provisions
Cyclodextrin, beta- E459Carrier3 provisions
Delta-tocopherol E309—74 provisions
Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of glycerol E472eEmulsifier69 provisions
Dicalcium citrate E333(ii)—84 provisions
Dipotassium 5'-guanylate E628Flavour enhancer70 provisions
Disodium citrate E331(ii)Stabiliser92 provisions
Enzymatically produced steviol glycosides E960cSweetener34 provisions
Erythritol E968Flavour enhancer95 provisions
Ethyl cellulose E462Bulking agent68 provisions
Extracts of rosemary E392Flavouring agent23 provisions
Fatty acids E570Formulation aid68 provisions
Ferrous lactate E585Colour retention agent2 provisions
Gamma-tocopherol E308—74 provisions
Gellan gum E418Gelling agent73 provisions
Glucosylated steviol glycosides E960dSweetener34 provisions
Glycolipids E246—3 provisions
Gold E175Colour3 provisions
Green S E142Colour29 provisions
Guanylic acid, 5'- E626Flavour enhancer70 provisions
Guar gum E412Emulsifier82 provisions
Gum arabic (Acacia gum) E414Bulking agent76 provisions
Gum tragacanth E413Emulsifier71 provisions
Helium E939Processing aid68 provisions
Hexamethylene tetramine E239Preservative1 provision
Hydrogen E949—68 provisions
Hydrogenated poly-1-decenes E907Glazing agent4 provisions
Inosinic acid, 5'- E630Flavour enhancer70 provisions
Invertase E1103—68 provisions
Iron (III) meso-Tartrate E534—2 provisions
Iron oxide, black INS 172(i)Colour40 provisions
Iron oxide, yellow INS 172(iii)Colour40 provisions
Iron oxides and hydroxides E172Colour40 provisions
Isobutane E943bPropellant1 provision
Isomalt (Hydrogenated isomaltulose) E953Anticaking agent94 provisions
Karaya gum E416Emulsifier10 provisions
Konjac flour E425Carrier68 provisions
L-Cysteine E920Dough strengthener70 provisions
L-leucine E641Flavour enhancer1 provision
Lactic and fatty acid esters of glycerol E472bEmulsifier69 provisions
Lactitol E966Emulsifier94 provisions
Lauric arginate ethyl ester E243Preservative1 provision
Lecithin E322Antioxidant80 provisions
Lecithin, partially hydrolysed INS 322(ii)Antioxidant80 provisions
Litholrubine BK E180Colour1 provision
Lutein esters from Tagetes erecta INS 161b(iii)Colour29 provisions
Lutein from Tagetes erecta E161bColour29 provisions
Lycopene E160dFlavouring agent31 provisions
Lycopene, Blakeslea trispora INS 160d(iii)Colour31 provisions
Lycopene, synthetic INS 160d(i)Colour31 provisions
Lycopene, tomato INS 160d(ii)Colour31 provisions
Lysozyme E1105Preservative5 provisions
Magnesium dihydrogen diphosphate E450(ix)Acidity regulator66 provisions
Magnesium dihydrogen phosphate INS 343(i)Acidity regulator58 provisions
Magnesium hydroxide carbonate INS 504(ii)Acidity regulator73 provisions
Magnesium phosphates E343—58 provisions
Magnesium salts of fatty acids E470bAnticaking agent69 provisions
Maltitol INS 965(i)Bulking agent94 provisions
Maltitol syrup E965Bulking agent94 provisions
Mannitol manufactured by fermentation E421(ii)Sweetener95 provisions
Methacrylate copolymer, basic (BMC) E1205Carrier1 provision
Methyl ethyl cellulose E465Emulsifier71 provisions
Methylparaben E218Preservative8 provisions
Microcrystalline cellulose (Cellulose gel) E460(i)Anticaking agent75 provisions
Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids E472f—69 provisions
Mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids E471Antifoaming agent91 provisions
Monocalcium citrate E333(i)—84 provisions
Neohesperidine DC E959Flavouring agent40 provisions
Neutral Methacrylate Copolymer E1206—1 provision
Nitrogen E941Foaming agent68 provisions
Oat lecithin E322a—1 provision
Octenyl succinic acid (OSA) modified gum arabic E423Emulsifier3 provisions
Oxidised polyethylene wax E914Glazing agent1 provision
Oxygen E948—68 provisions
Paprika extract INS 160c(ii)Colour51 provisions
Paprika extract, capsanthin, capsorubin E160cColour51 provisions
Patent Blue V E131Colour28 provisions
Pectins E440Emulsifier85 provisions
Pentapotassium triphosphate INS 451(ii)Acidity regulator59 provisions
Petroleum wax E905Antifoaming agent4 provisions
Polydextrose E1200Bulking agent71 provisions
Polyethylene glycol E1521Antifoaming agent3 provisions
Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids E475Emulsifier16 provisions
Polyglycerol esters of interesterified ricinoleic acid E476Emulsifier6 provisions
Polyglycitol syrup E964Sweetener11 provisions
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate E434Emulsifier21 provisions
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) – Polyethylene glycol (PEG) graft copolymer E1209Glazing agent1 provision
Polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer E1208—1 provision
Ponceau 4R (Cochineal red A) E124Colour27 provisions
Potassium 5’-inosinate E632Flavour enhancer70 provisions
Potassium acetate E261Acidity regulator73 provisions
Potassium adipate E357—5 provisions
Potassium benzoate E212Preservative44 provisions
Potassium bisulfite E228Preservative41 provisions
Potassium citrates E332—84 provisions
Potassium diacetatePreservative73 provisions
Potassium hydrogen sulfate E515(ii)—68 provisions
Potassium malate E351—68 provisions
Potassium nitrite E249Colour retention agent19 provisions
Potassium propionate E283Preservative6 provisions
Potassium saccharin E954Sweetener36 provisions
Potassium sulphates E515—68 provisions
Powdered cellulose E460Anticaking agent78 provisions
Processed eucheuma seaweed (PES) E407aBulking agent69 provisions
Propane E944Propellant1 provision
Pullulan E1204Glazing agent2 provisions
Quillaia extract E999Flavouring agent4 provisions
Quinoline yellow E104Colour29 provisions
Rebaudioside AM produced via enzymatic conversion of highly purified stevioside stevia leaf extracts E960c(iv)Sweetener34 provisions
Rebaudioside D produced via enzymatic conversion of highly purified rebaudioside A stevia leaf extracts E960c(iii)Sweetener34 provisions
Rebaudioside M from fermentation produced by Yarrowia lipolytica E960b(i)Sweetener34 provisions
Rebaudioside M produced via enzymatic conversion of highly purified rebaudioside A stevia leaf extracts E960c(ii)Sweetener34 provisions
Rebaudioside M produced via enzyme modification of steviol glycosides from stevia E960c(i)Sweetener34 provisions
Shellac, bleached E904Glazing agent12 provisions
Silver E174Colour3 provisions
Sodium acid tartrate E335(i)Raising agent31 provisions
Sodium adipate E356—5 provisions
Sodium aluminium phosphate, acidic E541Acidity regulator1 provision
Sodium aluminosilicate E554Anticaking agent1 provision
Sodium bisulfite E222Antioxidant41 provisions
Sodium calcium polyphosphate E452Acidity regulator59 provisions
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, enzymatically hydrolysed (Cellulose gum, enzymatically hydrolyzed) E469Stabiliser68 provisions
Sodium citrates E331—92 provisions
Sodium cyclamate INS 952(iv)Sweetener22 provisions
Sodium diacetate E262Acidity regulator73 provisions
Sodium dihydrogen citrate INS 331(i)Acidity regulator92 provisions
Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate E215—8 provisions
Sodium hydrogen DL-malate INS 350(i)Acidity regulator72 provisions
Sodium hydrogen sulfate INS 514(ii)Acidity regulator68 provisions
Sodium malates E350—72 provisions
Sodium methyl p-hydroxybenzoate E219Preservative8 provisions
Sodium potassium tartrate E337Acidity regulator30 provisions
Sodium sesquicarbonate INS 500(iii)Acidity regulator81 provisions
Sodium sulphates E514—68 provisions
Sodium tetraborate (borax) E285—1 provision
Sodium tripolyphosphate E451Acidity regulator59 provisions
Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids E470a—70 provisions
Sorbitan monolaurate E493Emulsifier19 provisions
Sorbitan monooleate E494Emulsifier17 provisions
Sorbitan monopalmitate E495Emulsifier17 provisions
Sorbitan monostearate E491Emulsifier17 provisions
Sorbitan tristearate E492Emulsifier20 provisions
Sorbitol syrup INS 420(ii)Bulking agent94 provisions
Soybean hemicellulose E426—71 provisions
Stannous chloride E512Antioxidant1 provision
Steviol glycosides from fermentation E960bSweetener34 provisions
Steviol glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Steviol glycosides from Stevia) E960Sweetener34 provisions
Stigmasterol-rich plant sterols E499—1 provision
Sucroglycerides E474Emulsifier29 provisions
Sucrose acetate isobutyrate E444Emulsifier2 provisions
Talc E553bAnticaking agent22 provisions
Tara gum E417Gelling agent68 provisions
Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids E472d—69 provisions
TBHQ E319Antioxidant18 provisions
Thaumatin E957Flavour enhancer15 provisions
Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids E479bEmulsifier1 provision
Tocopherol-rich extract E306—74 provisions
Triacetin E1518Carrier1 provision
Triammonium citrate E380Acidity regulator69 provisions
Trimagnesium dicitrate E345(i)Acidity regulator1 provision
Trisodium diphosphate E450(ii)Acidity regulator61 provisions
Urea E927bFormulation aid1 provision
Vegetable carbon E153Colour40 provisions
Xanthan gum E415Emulsifier80 provisions
Zinc acetate E650—1 provision
β-Carotene-rich extract from Dunaliella Salina INS 160a(iv)Colour54 provisions

Permitted in Japan, no permission in the EU

Removed from the EU’s list 1

The EU once permitted these and has removed them. The date and the instrument are on each additive’s page.

AdditiveFunctionIn JapanIn European Union
Titanium dioxide E171Colour1 provisionRemoved with effect from 7 February 2022. Instrument

Possibly covered by a related listing in the EU 1

The EU lists a substance under the same number — often a group entry such as “E 322 Lecithins” where the other regulator lists a single form. This site cannot tell whether that listing covers this form, so these are not counted as absent.

AdditiveFunctionIn JapanIn European Union
Magnesium phosphate INS 343(iii)Acidity regulator1 provisionMagnesium dihydrogen phosphate, Magnesium hydrogen phosphate, Magnesium phosphates (E343)

Regulated outside the additives list in the EU 65

Every function regulators give these — flavouring, enzyme, nutrient, solvent or processing aid — is one the EU regulates under separate rules, so they would not be expected on its list of food additives. Their absence here says nothing about whether the EU permits them.

AdditiveFunctionIn Japan
1-DecanolFlavouring agent1 provision
AcetophenoneFlavouring agent1 provision
Allyl caproateFlavouring agent1 provision
Allyl isothiocyanateFlavouring agent1 provision
AnisaldehydeFlavouring agent1 provision
Benzyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Benzyl propionateFlavouring agent1 provision
Butan-1-olFlavouring agent1 provision
Butyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Butyl butyrateFlavouring agent1 provision
Calcium pantothenateNutrient supplement1 provision
Caprylic acidFlavouring agent1 provision
Cinnamic acidFlavouring agent1 provision
Cinnamyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Cinnamyl alcoholFlavouring agent1 provision
CitronellalFlavouring agent1 provision
CitronellolFlavouring agent1 provision
Citronellyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Citronellyl formateFlavouring agent1 provision
Copper sulfateNutrient supplement1 provision
DL-AlanineFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl acetoacetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl cinnamateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl decanoateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl heptanoateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl hexanoateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl isovalerateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl octanoateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl phenylacetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl propionateFlavouring agent1 provision
EucalyptolFlavouring agent1 provision
Ferric chlorideFlavouring agent1 provision
Ferric citrateNutrient supplement1 provision
Ferric pyrophosphateNutrient supplement1 provision
Folic acid (folacin)Nutrient supplement1 provision
Geranyl formateFlavouring agent1 provision
HydroxycitronellalFlavouring agent1 provision
Isoamyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Isoamyl butyrateFlavouring agent1 provision
Isoamyl formateFlavouring agent1 provision
Isoamyl isovalerateFlavouring agent1 provision
Isoamyl propionateFlavouring agent1 provision
IsobutanolFlavouring agent1 provision
Isobutyl phenylacetateFlavouring agent1 provision
IsoeugenolFlavouring agent1 provision
L-IsoleucineFlavouring agent1 provision
L-TryptophanNutrient supplement1 provision
L-ValineFlavouring agent1 provision
Methyl cinnamateFlavouring agent1 provision
Methyl β-naphthyl ketoneFlavouring agent1 provision
NiacinNutrient supplement1 provision
OctanalFlavouring agent1 provision
p-Methyl acetophenoneFlavouring agent1 provision
Phenylethyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Propan-1-olFlavouring agent1 provision
Pyridoxine hydrochlorideNutrient supplement1 provision
Sodium pantothenateNutrient supplement1 provision
Thiamine hydrochlorideFlavouring agent1 provision
Thiamine mononitrateNutrient supplement1 provision
Vitamin ANutrient supplement1 provision
Vitamin D2Nutrient supplement1 provision
Vitamin D3Nutrient supplement1 provision
Zinc gluconateNutrient supplement1 provision
γ-NonalactoneFlavouring agent1 provision
γ-UndecalactoneFlavouring agent1 provision

Not on the EU’s list 66

The EU permits food additives only where it lists them, and these are not listed. That is not a finding against the substance: usually no one has applied for authorisation there. It does mean they may not be used as food additives in the EU today.

AdditiveFunctionIn Japan
1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid—1 provision
AcetoneFlavour enhancer1 provision
Ammonium chlorideFlour treatment agent1 provision
Ammonium persulfatePreservative1 provision
Ammonium phosphate, dibasic INS 342(ii)Acidity regulator1 provision
Ammonium phosphate, monobasic INS 342(i)Acidity regulator1 provision
Ammonium sulfate E517Dough strengthener1 provision
Asparaginase from Aspergillus oryzae—1 provision
Benzoyl peroxide INS 928Bleaching agent1 provision
Benzyl alcohol E1519Flavouring agent1 provision
BiotinNutrient supplement1 provision
Calcium glycerophosphateNutrient supplement1 provision
Calcium phytateSequestrant1 provision
Calcium sorbate E203Preservative1 provision
Calcium stearateFlavouring agent1 provision
Canthaxanthin E161gColour1 provision
Chlorine dioxide E926Preservative1 provision
Copper gluconateNutrient supplement1 provision
Diphenyl INS 230Flavour enhancer1 provision
Disodium 5'-cytidylate—1 provision
Disodium 5'-uridylate—1 provision
Disodium EDTA INS 386Antioxidant1 provision
Disodium glycyrrhizinate—1 provision
Disodium succinate INS 364(ii)Flavour enhancer1 provision
dl-alpha-Tocopherol INS 307cAntioxidant1 provision
DL-MethionineFlavour enhancer1 provision
DL-Tartaric acid—1 provision
DL-Threonine—1 provision
DL-Tryptophan—1 provision
Ethyl acetateColour1 provision
FD&C Green No. 3 INS 143Colour1 provision
Ferric ammonium citrate INS 381Anticaking agent1 provision
Ferrous sulfateNutrient supplement1 provision
Hydrogen peroxidePreservative1 provision
Isopropyl alcoholFlavour enhancer1 provision
Isopropyl citrate INS 384Antioxidant1 provision
L-Cysteine monohydrochlorideDough strengthener1 provision
L-Histidine hydrochloride—1 provision
L-Lysine monohydrochloride—1 provision
L-MethionineFlavour enhancer1 provision
L-PhenylalanineFlavour enhancer1 provision
L-Theanine—1 provision
L-ThreonineFlavour enhancer1 provision
Magnesium stearate INS 470(iii)Anticaking agent1 provision
Magnesium sulfate INS 518Firming agent1 provision
Maltol INS 636Flavour enhancer1 provision
Methyl N-methylanthranilateFlavour enhancer1 provision
NiacinamideNutrient supplement1 provision
Oxalic acid—1 provision
Peracetic acidAcidity regulator1 provision
Potassium bromateDough strengthener1 provision
Propylene glycol E1520Carrier1 provision
PropylparabenPreservative1 provision
Sodium caseinateAnticaking agent1 provision
Sodium chloriteStarch-modifying agent1 provision
Sodium copper chlorophyllinColour1 provision
Sodium dithionitePreservative1 provision
Sodium hypochloriteDough strengthener1 provision
Sodium metaphosphate—1 provision
Sodium methoxide—1 provision
Sodium polyacrylate—1 provision
Sodium selenite—1 provision
Thiamine naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate—1 provision
Thiamine thiocyanate—1 provision
Zinc sulfateNutrient supplement1 provision
β-Apo-8′-carotenalColour1 provision

What this page is not

It is not a list of unsafe additives, and a regulator permitting something is not this site’s endorsement of it. Regulators reach different decisions on the same evidence, on different applications, and at different times. Each additive’s page shows every jurisdiction’s status with its citation, and where an assessing body has published a reading of the evidence, that reading, attributed.

Counts are of this site’s additive pages, which follow the regulators’ own listings: a group entry in one jurisdiction can correspond to several pages in another. Status as retrieved from each source; see Sources for dates.