Great Britain and Japan

Food additives permitted in one and not the other — and what each gap actually means.

175 additives are permitted in both. 219 are permitted in Great Britain with no permission in Japan, none of them explicitly prohibited there. 132 are permitted in Japan with no permission in Great Britain, none of them explicitly prohibited there.

A missing permission is rarely a ban. Usually no one has applied, the substance is named or grouped differently, or it falls under a different law. Only the first two groups below — prohibited, and removed — record a regulator’s decision against a substance, and even those are decisions about legal status, not findings this site draws about safety.

Permitted in Great Britain, no permission in Japan

No Japanese designated-additive listing matched 219

This site imports Japan’s list of designated additives only, and matches it by English name. Japan also permits existing additives, natural flavouring agents and ordinary foods used as additives outside that list, and none of those are imported. Treat these as unconfirmed, not as absent.

AdditiveFunctionIn Great Britain
4-Hexylresorcinol E586Antioxidant1 provision
Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol E472aEmulsifier69 provisions
Agar E406Bulking agent70 provisions
Alginic acid E400Bulking agent69 provisions
Alpha-tocopherol E307—71 provisions
Aluminium E173Colour1 provision
Aluminum sodium sulfate E521Firming agent1 provision
Aluminum sulfate E520Firming agent2 provisions
Ammonium carbonates E503—70 provisions
Ammonium hydroxide E527Acidity regulator68 provisions
Ammonium salts of phosphatidic acid E442Emulsifier3 provisions
Anionic methacrylate copolymer E1207—1 provision
Annatto extracts, bixin-based E160b(i)Colour25 provisions
Annatto extracts, norbixin-based E160b(ii)Colour26 provisions
Anthocyanins E163Colour54 provisions
Aspartame-acesulfame salt E962Sweetener34 provisions
Azorubine (Carmoisine) E122Colour41 provisions
Beeswax (yellow and white) E901Carrier11 provisions
Beet red E162Colour54 provisions
beta-Carotenes, Blakeslea trispora INS 160a(iii)Colour60 provisions
beta-Carotenes, vegetable INS 160a(ii)Colour60 provisions
Boric acid E284Lubricant or release agent1 provision
Brilliant black (Black PN) E151Colour34 provisions
Brown HT E155Colour35 provisions
Butane E943aPropellant1 provision
Calcium 5'-guanylate E629Flavour enhancer68 provisions
Calcium 5'-inosinate E633Flavour enhancer68 provisions
Calcium benzoate E213Preservative43 provisions
Calcium cyclamate INS 952(ii)Sweetener19 provisions
Calcium di-L-glutamate E623Flavour enhancer68 provisions
Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate E450(vii)Acidity regulator61 provisions
Calcium hydrogen sulphite E227—40 provisions
Calcium malate, D, L- INS 352(ii)Acidity regulator66 provisions
Calcium malates E352—66 provisions
Calcium polyphosphate E452Acidity regulator59 provisions
Calcium pyrophosphate E450Acidity regulator61 provisions
Calcium sulphite E226—40 provisions
Candelilla wax E902Carrier10 provisions
Caramel I – plain caramel E150aColour61 provisions
Caramel II - sulfite caramel E150bColour60 provisions
Caramel III - ammonia caramel E150cColour61 provisions
Caramel IV - sulfite ammonia caramel E150dColour60 provisions
Carmines E120Colour50 provisions
Carnauba wax E903Acidity regulator11 provisions
Carob bean gum E410Emulsifier78 provisions
Carotenal, beta-apo-8'- E160eColour36 provisions
Carrageenan E407Bulking agent76 provisions
Cassia gum E427Emulsifier8 provisions
Chlorophyllin copper complexes, potassium and sodium salts INS 141(ii)Colour51 provisions
Chlorophylls E140Colour51 provisions
Chlorophylls, copper complexes INS 141(i)Colour51 provisions
Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol E472cAntioxidant74 provisions
Copper complexes of chlorophylls and chlorophyllins E141Colour51 provisions
Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Cross-linked-cellulose gum) E468Stabiliser3 provisions
Curcumin E100Colour47 provisions
Cyclamic acid INS 952(i)Sweetener19 provisions
Cyclamic acid and its Na and Ca salts E952Sweetener19 provisions
Cyclodextrin, beta- E459Carrier4 provisions
Delta-tocopherol E309—71 provisions
Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of glycerol E472eEmulsifier67 provisions
Dicalcium citrate E333(ii)—80 provisions
Dipotassium 5'-guanylate E628Flavour enhancer68 provisions
Disodium citrate E331(ii)Stabiliser88 provisions
Enzymatically produced steviol glycosides E960cSweetener32 provisions
Erythritol E968Flavour enhancer92 provisions
Ethyl cellulose E462Bulking agent66 provisions
Extracts of rosemary E392Flavouring agent23 provisions
Fatty acids E570Formulation aid66 provisions
Ferrous lactate E585Colour retention agent2 provisions
Gamma-tocopherol E308—71 provisions
Gellan gum E418Gelling agent70 provisions
Gold E175Colour3 provisions
Green S E142Colour37 provisions
Guanylic acid, 5'- E626Flavour enhancer68 provisions
Guar gum E412Emulsifier79 provisions
Gum arabic (Acacia gum) E414Bulking agent73 provisions
Gum tragacanth E413Emulsifier69 provisions
Helium E939Processing aid67 provisions
Hexamethylene tetramine E239Preservative1 provision
Hydrogen E949—67 provisions
Hydrogenated poly-1-decenes E907Glazing agent4 provisions
Inosinic acid, 5'- E630Flavour enhancer68 provisions
Invertase E1103—66 provisions
Iron (III) meso-Tartrate E534—2 provisions
Iron oxide, black INS 172(i)Colour47 provisions
Iron oxide, yellow INS 172(iii)Colour47 provisions
Iron oxides and hydroxides E172Colour47 provisions
Isobutane E943bPropellant1 provision
Isomalt (Hydrogenated isomaltulose) E953Anticaking agent91 provisions
Karaya gum E416Emulsifier10 provisions
Konjac flour E425Carrier66 provisions
L-Cysteine E920Dough strengthener68 provisions
L-leucine E641Flavour enhancer1 provision
Lactic and fatty acid esters of glycerol E472bEmulsifier67 provisions
Lactitol E966Emulsifier91 provisions
Lauric arginate ethyl ester E243Preservative1 provision
Lecithin E322Antioxidant77 provisions
Lecithin, partially hydrolysed INS 322(ii)Antioxidant77 provisions
Litholrubine BK E180Colour1 provision
Lutein esters from Tagetes erecta INS 161b(iii)Colour37 provisions
Lutein from Tagetes erecta E161bColour37 provisions
Lycopene E160dFlavouring agent29 provisions
Lycopene, Blakeslea trispora INS 160d(iii)Colour29 provisions
Lycopene, synthetic INS 160d(i)Colour29 provisions
Lycopene, tomato INS 160d(ii)Colour29 provisions
Lysozyme E1105Preservative5 provisions
Magnesium dihydrogen diphosphate E450(ix)Acidity regulator66 provisions
Magnesium dihydrogen phosphate INS 343(i)Acidity regulator58 provisions
Magnesium hydroxide carbonate INS 504(ii)Acidity regulator71 provisions
Magnesium phosphates E343—58 provisions
Magnesium salts of fatty acids E470bAnticaking agent67 provisions
Maltitol INS 965(i)Bulking agent91 provisions
Maltitol syrup E965Bulking agent91 provisions
Mannitol manufactured by fermentation E421(ii)Sweetener91 provisions
Methacrylate copolymer, basic (BMC) E1205Carrier1 provision
Methyl ethyl cellulose E465Emulsifier69 provisions
Methylparaben E218Preservative9 provisions
Microcrystalline cellulose (Cellulose gel) E460(i)Anticaking agent2 provisions
Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids E472f—67 provisions
Mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids E471Antifoaming agent87 provisions
Monocalcium citrate E333(i)—80 provisions
Neohesperidine DC E959Flavouring agent38 provisions
Neutral Methacrylate Copolymer E1206—1 provision
Nitrogen E941Foaming agent67 provisions
Octenyl succinic acid (OSA) modified gum arabic E423Emulsifier3 provisions
Oxidised polyethylene wax E914Glazing agent1 provision
Oxygen E948—67 provisions
Paprika extract INS 160c(ii)Colour57 provisions
Paprika extract, capsanthin, capsorubin E160cColour57 provisions
Patent Blue V E131Colour37 provisions
Pectins E440Emulsifier82 provisions
Pentapotassium triphosphate INS 451(ii)Acidity regulator59 provisions
Petroleum wax E905Antifoaming agent4 provisions
Polydextrose E1200Bulking agent69 provisions
Polyethylene glycol E1521Antifoaming agent3 provisions
Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids E475Emulsifier15 provisions
Polyglycerol esters of interesterified ricinoleic acid E476Emulsifier6 provisions
Polyglycitol syrup E964Sweetener10 provisions
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate E434Emulsifier20 provisions
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) – Polyethylene glycol (PEG) graft copolymer E1209Glazing agent1 provision
Polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer E1208—1 provision
Ponceau 4R (Cochineal red A) E124Colour25 provisions
Potassium 5’-inosinate E632Flavour enhancer68 provisions
Potassium acetate E261Acidity regulator71 provisions
Potassium adipate E357—5 provisions
Potassium benzoate E212Preservative43 provisions
Potassium bisulfite E228Preservative40 provisions
Potassium citrates E332—81 provisions
Potassium diacetatePreservative71 provisions
Potassium hydrogen sulfate E515(ii)—66 provisions
Potassium malate E351—66 provisions
Potassium nitrite E249Colour retention agent6 provisions
Potassium propionate E283Preservative6 provisions
Potassium saccharin E954Sweetener34 provisions
Potassium sulphates E515—66 provisions
Powdered cellulose E460Anticaking agent74 provisions
Processed eucheuma seaweed (PES) E407aBulking agent67 provisions
Propane E944Propellant1 provision
Pullulan E1204Glazing agent2 provisions
Quillaia extract E999Flavouring agent2 provisions
Quinoline yellow E104Colour27 provisions
Rebaudioside AM produced via enzymatic conversion of highly purified stevioside stevia leaf extracts E960c(iv)Sweetener32 provisions
Rebaudioside D produced via enzymatic conversion of highly purified rebaudioside A stevia leaf extracts E960c(iii)Sweetener32 provisions
Rebaudioside M from fermentation produced by Yarrowia lipolytica E960b(i)Sweetener32 provisions
Rebaudioside M produced via enzymatic conversion of highly purified rebaudioside A stevia leaf extracts E960c(ii)Sweetener32 provisions
Rebaudioside M produced via enzyme modification of steviol glycosides from stevia E960c(i)Sweetener32 provisions
Shellac, bleached E904Glazing agent11 provisions
Silver E174Colour3 provisions
Sodium acid tartrate E335(i)Raising agent71 provisions
Sodium adipate E356—5 provisions
Sodium aluminium phosphate, acidic E541Acidity regulator1 provision
Sodium aluminosilicate E554Anticaking agent1 provision
Sodium bisulfite E222Antioxidant40 provisions
Sodium calcium polyphosphate E452Acidity regulator59 provisions
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, enzymatically hydrolysed (Cellulose gum, enzymatically hydrolyzed) E469Stabiliser66 provisions
Sodium citrates E331—88 provisions
Sodium cyclamate INS 952(iv)Sweetener19 provisions
Sodium diacetate E262Acidity regulator71 provisions
Sodium dihydrogen citrate INS 331(i)Acidity regulator88 provisions
Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate E215—9 provisions
Sodium hydrogen DL-malate INS 350(i)Acidity regulator69 provisions
Sodium hydrogen sulfate INS 514(ii)Acidity regulator66 provisions
Sodium malates E350—69 provisions
Sodium methyl p-hydroxybenzoate E219Preservative9 provisions
Sodium potassium tartrate E337Acidity regulator67 provisions
Sodium sesquicarbonate INS 500(iii)Acidity regulator77 provisions
Sodium sulphates E514—66 provisions
Sodium tetraborate (borax) E285—1 provision
Sodium tripolyphosphate E451Acidity regulator59 provisions
Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids E470a—68 provisions
Sorbitan monolaurate E493Emulsifier17 provisions
Sorbitan monooleate E494Emulsifier16 provisions
Sorbitan monopalmitate E495Emulsifier16 provisions
Sorbitan monostearate E491Emulsifier16 provisions
Sorbitan tristearate E492Emulsifier19 provisions
Sorbitol syrup INS 420(ii)Bulking agent91 provisions
Soybean hemicellulose E426—66 provisions
Stannous chloride E512Antioxidant1 provision
Stearyl tartrate E483—4 provisions
Steviol glycosides from fermentation E960bSweetener32 provisions
Steviol glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Steviol glycosides from Stevia) E960Sweetener32 provisions
Stigmasterol-rich plant sterols E499—1 provision
Sucroglycerides E474Emulsifier28 provisions
Sucrose acetate isobutyrate E444Emulsifier2 provisions
Talc E553bAnticaking agent23 provisions
Tara gum E417Gelling agent66 provisions
Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids E472d—67 provisions
TBHQ E319Antioxidant18 provisions
Thaumatin E957Flavour enhancer15 provisions
Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids E479bEmulsifier1 provision
Tocopherol-rich extract E306—71 provisions
Triacetin E1518Carrier1 provision
Triammonium citrate E380Acidity regulator67 provisions
Trisodium diphosphate E450(ii)Acidity regulator61 provisions
Urea E927bFormulation aid1 provision
Vegetable carbon E153Colour47 provisions
Xanthan gum E415Emulsifier77 provisions
Zinc acetate E650—1 provision
β-Carotene-rich extract from Dunaliella Salina INS 160a(iv)Colour60 provisions

Permitted in Japan, no permission in Great Britain

Possibly covered by a related listing in Great Britain 1

Great Britain lists a substance under the same number — often a group entry such as “E 322 Lecithins” where the other regulator lists a single form. This site cannot tell whether that listing covers this form, so these are not counted as absent.

Regulated outside the additives list in Great Britain 65

Every function regulators give these — flavouring, enzyme, nutrient, solvent or processing aid — is one Great Britain regulates under separate rules, so they would not be expected on its list of food additives. Their absence here says nothing about whether Great Britain permits them.

AdditiveFunctionIn Japan
1-DecanolFlavouring agent1 provision
AcetophenoneFlavouring agent1 provision
Allyl caproateFlavouring agent1 provision
Allyl isothiocyanateFlavouring agent1 provision
AnisaldehydeFlavouring agent1 provision
Benzyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Benzyl propionateFlavouring agent1 provision
Butan-1-olFlavouring agent1 provision
Butyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Butyl butyrateFlavouring agent1 provision
Calcium pantothenateNutrient supplement1 provision
Caprylic acidFlavouring agent1 provision
Cinnamic acidFlavouring agent1 provision
Cinnamyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Cinnamyl alcoholFlavouring agent1 provision
CitronellalFlavouring agent1 provision
CitronellolFlavouring agent1 provision
Citronellyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Citronellyl formateFlavouring agent1 provision
Copper sulfateNutrient supplement1 provision
DL-AlanineFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl acetoacetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl cinnamateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl decanoateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl heptanoateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl hexanoateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl isovalerateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl octanoateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl phenylacetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Ethyl propionateFlavouring agent1 provision
EucalyptolFlavouring agent1 provision
Ferric chlorideFlavouring agent1 provision
Ferric citrateNutrient supplement1 provision
Ferric pyrophosphateNutrient supplement1 provision
Folic acid (folacin)Nutrient supplement1 provision
Geranyl formateFlavouring agent1 provision
HydroxycitronellalFlavouring agent1 provision
Isoamyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Isoamyl butyrateFlavouring agent1 provision
Isoamyl formateFlavouring agent1 provision
Isoamyl isovalerateFlavouring agent1 provision
Isoamyl propionateFlavouring agent1 provision
IsobutanolFlavouring agent1 provision
Isobutyl phenylacetateFlavouring agent1 provision
IsoeugenolFlavouring agent1 provision
L-IsoleucineFlavouring agent1 provision
L-TryptophanNutrient supplement1 provision
L-ValineFlavouring agent1 provision
Methyl cinnamateFlavouring agent1 provision
Methyl β-naphthyl ketoneFlavouring agent1 provision
NiacinNutrient supplement1 provision
OctanalFlavouring agent1 provision
p-Methyl acetophenoneFlavouring agent1 provision
Phenylethyl acetateFlavouring agent1 provision
Propan-1-olFlavouring agent1 provision
Pyridoxine hydrochlorideNutrient supplement1 provision
Sodium pantothenateNutrient supplement1 provision
Thiamine hydrochlorideFlavouring agent1 provision
Thiamine mononitrateNutrient supplement1 provision
Vitamin ANutrient supplement1 provision
Vitamin D2Nutrient supplement1 provision
Vitamin D3Nutrient supplement1 provision
Zinc gluconateNutrient supplement1 provision
γ-NonalactoneFlavouring agent1 provision
γ-UndecalactoneFlavouring agent1 provision

Not on Great Britain’s list 66

Great Britain permits food additives only where it lists them, and these are not listed. That is not a finding against the substance: usually no one has applied for authorisation there. It does mean they may not be used as food additives in Great Britain today.

AdditiveFunctionIn Japan
1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid—1 provision
AcetoneFlavour enhancer1 provision
Ammonium chlorideFlour treatment agent1 provision
Ammonium persulfatePreservative1 provision
Ammonium phosphate, dibasic INS 342(ii)Acidity regulator1 provision
Ammonium phosphate, monobasic INS 342(i)Acidity regulator1 provision
Ammonium sulfate E517Dough strengthener1 provision
Asparaginase from Aspergillus oryzae—1 provision
Benzoyl peroxide INS 928Bleaching agent1 provision
Benzyl alcohol E1519Flavouring agent1 provision
BiotinNutrient supplement1 provision
Calcium glycerophosphateNutrient supplement1 provision
Calcium phytateSequestrant1 provision
Calcium sorbate E203Preservative1 provision
Calcium stearateFlavouring agent1 provision
Canthaxanthin E161gColour1 provision
Chlorine dioxide E926Preservative1 provision
Copper gluconateNutrient supplement1 provision
Diphenyl INS 230Flavour enhancer1 provision
Disodium 5'-cytidylate—1 provision
Disodium 5'-uridylate—1 provision
Disodium EDTA INS 386Antioxidant1 provision
Disodium glycyrrhizinate—1 provision
Disodium succinate INS 364(ii)Flavour enhancer1 provision
dl-alpha-Tocopherol INS 307cAntioxidant1 provision
DL-MethionineFlavour enhancer1 provision
DL-Tartaric acid—1 provision
DL-Threonine—1 provision
DL-Tryptophan—1 provision
Ethyl acetateColour1 provision
FD&C Green No. 3 INS 143Colour1 provision
Ferric ammonium citrate INS 381Anticaking agent1 provision
Ferrous sulfateNutrient supplement1 provision
Hydrogen peroxidePreservative1 provision
Isopropyl alcoholFlavour enhancer1 provision
Isopropyl citrate INS 384Antioxidant1 provision
L-Cysteine monohydrochlorideDough strengthener1 provision
L-Histidine hydrochloride—1 provision
L-Lysine monohydrochloride—1 provision
L-MethionineFlavour enhancer1 provision
L-PhenylalanineFlavour enhancer1 provision
L-Theanine—1 provision
L-ThreonineFlavour enhancer1 provision
Magnesium stearate INS 470(iii)Anticaking agent1 provision
Magnesium sulfate INS 518Firming agent1 provision
Maltol INS 636Flavour enhancer1 provision
Methyl N-methylanthranilateFlavour enhancer1 provision
NiacinamideNutrient supplement1 provision
Oxalic acid—1 provision
Peracetic acidAcidity regulator1 provision
Potassium bromateDough strengthener1 provision
Propylene glycol E1520Carrier1 provision
PropylparabenPreservative1 provision
Sodium caseinateAnticaking agent1 provision
Sodium chloriteStarch-modifying agent1 provision
Sodium copper chlorophyllinColour1 provision
Sodium dithionitePreservative1 provision
Sodium hypochloriteDough strengthener1 provision
Sodium metaphosphate—1 provision
Sodium methoxide—1 provision
Sodium polyacrylate—1 provision
Sodium selenite—1 provision
Thiamine naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate—1 provision
Thiamine thiocyanate—1 provision
Zinc sulfateNutrient supplement1 provision
β-Apo-8′-carotenalColour1 provision

What this page is not

It is not a list of unsafe additives, and a regulator permitting something is not this site’s endorsement of it. Regulators reach different decisions on the same evidence, on different applications, and at different times. Each additive’s page shows every jurisdiction’s status with its citation, and where an assessing body has published a reading of the evidence, that reading, attributed.

Counts are of this site’s additive pages, which follow the regulators’ own listings: a group entry in one jurisdiction can correspond to several pages in another. Status as retrieved from each source; see Sources for dates.